ap world ch 25

56520892	Toussaint L'Overture	Leader of the slave rebellion on the French island of St. Domingue in 1791; led to the creation of the independent republic of Haiti in 1804
56520893	Mask of Ferdinand	Term given to the movements in Latin America allegedly loyal to the deposed Bourbon king of Spain; they actually were Creole movements for independence.
56520894	Miguel de Hidalgo	Mexican priest who established an independence movement among Indians and mestizos in 1810; after early victories he was captured and executed.
56520896	Simon Bolívar	Creole military officer in northern South America; won victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822 that led to the independent state of Gran Colombia.
56520897	Gran Colombia	Existed as an independent state until 1830 when Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate independent nations
56520898	José de San Martín	Leader of movements in Rio de la Plata that led to the independence of the United Republic of Rio de la Plata by 1816; later led independence movements in Chile and Peru
56520899	João VI	Portuguese monarch who fled the French to establish his court in Brazil from 1808 to 1820; Rio de Janeiro became the real capital of the Portuguese empire. Pedro I: Son and successor of João VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence in 1822 and became constitutional emperor.
56520901	Caudillos	Leaders in independent Latin America who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized the national government
56520902	Centralists	Latin American politicians who favored strong, centralized national governments with broad powers; often supported by conservative politicians
56520903	Federalists	Latin American politicians who favored regional governments rather than centralized administrations; often supported by liberal politicians
56520904	Monroe Doctrine	United States declaration of 1823, which stated that any attempt by a European country to colonize the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act
56520905	Guano	Bird droppings used as fertilizer; a major Peruvian export between 1850 and 1880.
56520906	Antonio López de Santa Anna	Mexican general who seized power after the collapse of the Mexican republic in 1835.
56520907	Manifest Destiny	Belief that the United States was destined to rule from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
56520908	Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848	Treaty between the United States and Mexico; Mexico lost one-half of national territory
56520909	Benito Juárez	Indian lawyer and politician who led a liberal revolution against Santa Anna; defeated by the French, who made Maximilian emperor; returned to power from 1867 to 1872.
56520910	La Reforma	Name of Juárez's liberal revolution
56520911	Maximilian von Habsburg	Austrian archduke proclaimed emperor of Mexico as a result of French intervention in 1862; after the French withdrawal he was executed in 1867.
56520912	Gauchos	Mounted rural workers in the Rio de la Plata region
56520914	Argentine Republic	Replaced state of Buenos Aires in 1862 as a result of a compromise between centralists and federalists
56520915	Fazendas	Coffee estates that spread into the Brazilian interior between 1840 and 1860; caused intensification of slavery.
56520916	Modernization theory:	The belief that the more industrialized, urban, and modern a society became, the more social change and improvement were possible as traditional patterns and attitudes were abandoned or transformed.
56520917	Dependency theory	The belief that development and underdevelopment were not stages but were part of the same process; that development and growth of areas like western Europe were achieved at the expense of underdevelopment of dependent regions like Latin America.
56520918	Porfirio Díaz	One of Juárez's generals; elected president of Mexico in 1876 and dominated politics for 35 years.
56520919	Spanish American War	Fought between Spain and the United States beginning in 1898; resulted in annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines; permitted American intervention in the Caribbean.
56520920	Panama Canal	The United States supported an independence movement in Panama, then part of Colombia, in return for the exclusive rights for a canal across the Panamanian isthmus.
56520921	Mexican-American War	Fought between Mexico and the United States from 1846 to 1848; led to devastating defeat of Mexican forces and loss of about one-half of Mexico's national territory to the United States