AP bio - DNA replication

52665906	euchromatin	a region of DNA that is uncoiled and undergoing active transcription into RNA
52665907	heterochromatin	Densely staining condensed chromosomal regions, believed to be for the most part genetically inert. chromatin that remains tightly coiled (and darkly staining) throughout the cell cycle.
52665908	double helix	The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape.
52665909	nucleotides	Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases
52665910	DNA bases	adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
52665911	complementary base pairing	adenine form hydrogen bonds with thymine, cytosine forms hydrogen bonds with guanine
52665912	phosphodiester bonds	bonds that join nucleotides in nucleic acids
52665913	antiparallel	The opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix.
52665914	ribonucleic acid	(RNA) part of the genetic material that organisms inherited from their parents
52665915	helicase	an enzyme that untwists the double helix at the replication forks, separating the two parental strands and making them available as template strands
52665916	replication fork	A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where new strands are growing.
52665917	topoisomerase	A protein that functions in DNA replication, helping to relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork.
52665918	DNA polymerase	An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA at a replication fork by the addition of nucleotides to the existing chain.
52665919	RNA primase	An enzyme that creates an RNA primer for initiation of DNA replication.
52665920	leading strand	the new continuous complementary DNA strand synthesized along the template strand in the mandatory 5' --> 3' direction
52665921	lagging strand	The strand in replication that is copied 3' to 5' as Okazaki fragments and then joined up.
52665922	okazaki fragments	Short fragments of DNA that are a result of the synthesis of the lagging strand during DNA replication.
52665923	DNA ligase	an enzyme that eventually joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the Okazaki fragments
52665924	semiconservative	refers to the fact that half of a newly made DNA is the old template.
52665925	ribose	a pentose sugar important as a component of ribonucleic acid
52665926	uracil	a nitrogen-containing base found in RNA (but not in DNA) and derived from pyrimidine
52665927	mRNA	A type of RNA, synthesized from DNA, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein; also called messenger RNA.
52665928	rRNA	The most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins froms the structure of ribosomes. Ribosomes coordinate the sequential coupling of tRNA molecules to mRNA codons; also called ribosomal RNA.
52665929	tRNA	The type of RNA that binds to specific amino acids and transports them to the ribosome during protein synthesis
52665981	protein synthesis	the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA
52665982	transcription	process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA
52665983	translation	(genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm
52665984	sense strand	The strand of DNA that has the code for protein
52665985	antisense strand	strand of DNA that is NOT transcribed
52665986	RNA polymerase	an enzyme that pries the 2 strands of DNA apart and hooks together the RNA nucleotides as they base pair along the DNA template
52665987	exons	expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein
52665988	introns	sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein
52666470	poly(A) tail	After an mRNA is transcribed from a gene, the cell adds a stretch of A residues (typically 50-200) to its 3' end.
52666471	5' cap	when pre-mRNA is modified the 5 primed end is synthesized first; it is a modified form of a guanine nucleotide
52666472	codons	A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.
52666473	anticodon	group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon
52666474	A site	holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the chain
52666475	P site	one of a ribosome's three binding sites for tRNA during translation. It holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain.
52666476	E site	One of a ribosome's three binding sites for tRNA during translation. This site is the place where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome.
52666604	peptide bond	covalent bond formed between amino acids
52666605	polypeptide	A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
52666606	stop codons	UAA, UAG, UGA
52666607	chaperonins	protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins
52666608	chaperon proteins	a type of protein that helps denatured proteins fold correctly
52666609	mutation	change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information
52702911	genetic code	the ordering of nucleotides in DNA molecules that carries the genetic information in living cells
52702912	point mutations	gene mutations involving changes in one or a few nucleotides
52702913	frameshift	A nucleotide is inserted or deleted, changing where the coding for entirely different amino acids.
52702914	missense	single base change results in the inclusion of a different amino acid
52702915	nonsense	A new nucleotide replaces an existing one and changes the codon so that it codes for the end of the strand with TAA, TAG, or TGA.