APUSH Ch.7-9

201002173	Society of the Cincinnati	an exclusive hereditary order formed by the Continental Army officers
201002174	Virginia Statue for Religious Freedom	created in 1786 by Thomas Jefferson and his co-reformers; stated that religion should not be imposed on anybody and that each person decided his/her own faith.
201002175	The Philadelphia Quakers--1775	founded the first anti-slavery society.
201002176	The 1st Continental Congress--1774	Called for the complete abolition of the slave trade. Several northern states went further and either abolished slavery altogether or provided the gradual emancipation of slaves. No states south of Pennsylvania abolished slavery.
201002177	The 2nd Continental Congress--1776	To draft new constitutions. Massachusetts called a special convention to draft its constitution and then submitted the final draft to the people. As written documents, the state constitutions were intended to represent a fundamental law, superior to the short-lived impulses of ordinary legislation.
201002178	Capitals Moved	In the Revolutionary era, the capitals of New Hampshire, New York, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia were all moved westward.
201002179	Economic democracy	preceded political democracy.
201002180	Manufacturing	Due to the independence from Britain, the United States had to make everything on its own which it no longer imported from Britain. Many Americans were poor because the economy was so bad.
201002181	Articles of Confederation 1777	Shortly before declaring independence in 1776, the 2nd Continental Congress appointed a committee to draft a written constitution for the new nation. It was adopted by Congress in ______ and it convinced France that America had a genuine government in the making. The Articles of Confederation wasn't ratified by all 13 colonies until 1781.
201002182	Ratification of Articles of Confederation--1781	The Articles of Confederation wasn't ratified by all 13 colonies until 1781.
201002183	Unity	The 13 colonies were joined together for joint action in dealing with common problems such as foreign affairs.
201002184	Power of Congress	Congress had 2 major handicaps: It had no power to regulate commerce, and this loophole left the states free to establish conflictingly laws regarding tariffs and navigation. Congress couldn't enforce its tax collection program. The states were NOT required to pay the government taxes, they were merely asked.
201002185	Land Ordinance of 1785	stated that the acreage of the Old Northwest should be sold and the proceeds should be used to help pay off the national debt.
201002186	Northwest Ordinance of 1787	a uniform national land policy; created the Northwest Territories and gave the land to the government, the land could then be purchased by individuals; when a territory had 60,000 people, it might be admitted by Congress as a state, with all the privileges of the 13 other states.
201002187	New Commerce Conditions	Britain declined to make any commercial treaty with the colonies or to repeal its Navigation Laws. Lord Sheffield argued in his pamphlet that Britain could win back America's trade. The British remained in the Americas where they maintained their fur trade with the Indians. The American states did not honor the treaty of peace in regard to debts and Loyalists. The British stayed primarily to keep the Indians on the side of the British so to defend against future attacks on Canada by the Americans. Spain was openly unfriendly to the Americans. It closed off the Mississippi river to commerce in 1784.
201002188	1784	Mississippi River was closed to commerce
201002189	Shay's Rebellion--1786	in western Massachusetts when impoverished back-country farmers, who were losing their farms through mortgage foreclosures and tax delinquencies, attempted to enforce their demands of cheap paper money, lighter taxes, and a suspension of property takeovers; led by Captain Daniel Shays. The uprising was crushed but it left fear in the propertied class of mobs."
201002190	1786	Virginia called for a convention at Annapolis, Maryland. There, Alexander Hamilton saved the convention from collapsing - delegates from only 5 states showed up. He called upon Congress to summon a convention to meet in Philadelphia the next year, not to deal with just commerce, but to fix then entire fabric of the Articles of Confederation.
201002191	...	Alexander Hamilton was an advocate of a super-powerful central government
201002192	May 25, 1787 (Constitutional Convention)	55 representatives from all of the states except for Rhode Island were sent to Philadelphia to talk of the government in the future of the country. George Washington was elected as the leader.
201002193	Patriots in Philadelphia	The delegates hoped to save the revolutionary idealism and make it into a strong political structure.
201002194	Compromises and New Ideas	Some of the delegates decided they would scrap the old Articles of Confederation, contradicting instructions from Congress to revise it.
201002195	"large-state plan"	Proposed by Virginia and was first pushed forward as the framework of the Constitution. It said that the arrangement in Congress should be based upon a state's population.
201002196	"small-state plan."	It centered on equal representation in Congress without regards to a state's size or population.
201002197	"Great Compromise"	It called for representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation in the Senate. Each state would have 2 senators. The new Constitution also called for a President. Because of arguments over if the slaves would count towards the general population of the state, the "three-fifths compromise" was created. The new Constitution also called for the end of the slave trade by the end of 1807. All new state constitutions except Georgia's forbade overseas slave trade. Rhode Island was not present at the Constitutional Convention.
201002198	1807	Slave trade must end this year
201002199	Conserving ideas	The members of the Constitutional Convention agreed economically-demanded sound money and the protection of private property; and politically-favored a stronger government with 3 branches and with checks and balances among them.
201002200	The Anti-federalists	led by Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, and Richard Henry Lee. The followers consisted of states' rights devotees, back country dwellers, and one-horse farmers - in general, the poorest class.
201002201	Federalists	led by George Washington and Benjamin Franklin. Most of the Federalists lived in the settled areas along the seaboard. Overall, they were wealthier than the Anti-federalists, more educated, and better organized. They also controlled the press.
201002202	Signing the Constitution	Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, and New Hampshire were the first 9 states to sign the Constitution. Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island were the only states to not sign it. Virginia, New York, and North Carolina all ratified the Constitution before it was put into effect. Rhode Island was the last state to ratify it and it did so only after the new government had been in operation for a few months. These 4 states did not ratify the Constitution because they wanted to but because they had to. They could not safely exist outside the fold.
201002203	Mix of conservative and new/democratic idead	The architects of the Constitution contented that every branch-executive, judiciary, and legislative-effectively represented the people. By imbedding the principle of self-rule in a self-limiting system of checks and balances among these 3 branches, the Constitution settled the conflicting doctrines of liberty and order.
201002204	Congress Drafts Washington	The Second Continental Congress selected George Washington to head the army besieging Boston.
201002205	April 1775- July 1776	colonists were both affirming their loyalty to the king by sincerely voicing their desire to patch up difficulties while at the same time raising armies and killing redcoats.
201002206	May 1775	A tiny American force under Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold captured the British garrisons at Ticonderoga and Crown Point. There, a store of gunpowder and artillery was secured.
201002207	June 1775	The colonists captured Bunker Hill. The British took it back with a large number of soldiers.
201002208	July 1775	the Second Continental Congress adopted the "Olive Branch Petition", which professed American loyalty to the king and begged to the king to stop further hostilities. The petition was rejected by the king. With the rejection, the Americans were forced to choose to fight to become independent or to submit to British rule and power.
201002209	"Olive Branch Petition"	Document professing American loyalty to end the further hostilities that was rejected by the king
201002210	August 1775	King George III proclaimed that the colonies were in rebellion. He then hired German Hessians to bring order to the colonies.
201002211	October 1775	the British burned Falmouth (Portland), Maine. & colonists made an attack on Canada in hopes that it would close it off as a possible source for a British striking point. The attack failed when General Richard Montgomery was killed.
201002212	January 1776	the British set fire to Norfolk.
201002213	Ideas of Americans before Paine	The Americans continued to deny any intention of independence because loyalty to the empire was deeply ingrained; many Americans continued to consider themselves apart of a transatlantic community in which the mother country of Britain played a leading role; colonial unity was poor; and open rebellion was dangerous.
201002214	Thomas Paine	released a pamphlet called Common Sense in 1776. It argued that the colonies had outgrown any need for English domination and that they should be given independence.
201002215	Common Sense--1776	It argued that the colonies had outgrown any need for English domination and that they should be given independence.
201002216	Thomas Paine	creation of a new kind of political society, specifically a republic, where power flowed from the people themselves.
201002217	Republic	power flows from the people
201002218	July 2, 1776	Richard Henry Lee of Virginia's resolution of declaring independence was passed. It was the formal declaration of independence by the American colonies.
201002219	Thomas Jefferson	appointed to draft up the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Independence was formally approved by Congress on July 4, 1776. It was an explanation of everything the king had done to the Americans.
201002220	Declaration of Independence--July 4, 1776	It was an explanation of everything the king had done to the Americans.
201002221	Loyalists	"Tories" (a thing whose head is in England, and its body in America, and its neck ought to be stretched.") Made up 16% of the American population. Many people of education and wealth remained loyal to England. Loyalists were most numerous where the Anglican church was strongest. The Loyalists were well entrenched in New York City, Charleston, Quaker Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. They were least numerous in New England.
201002222	Patriots	"Whigs." The Patriots were numerous where Presbyterianism and Congregationalism flourished-mostly in New England.
201002223	The Loyalist Exodus	Before the Declaration of Independence, the Loyalists were treated relatively mild. After, though, they were hanged, imprisoned, and roughly handled. They Loyalists were forced to leave because the Patriots had to eliminate their weaknesses.
201002224	New York City	A base of operation due to the fact that Boston was evacuated in March 1776.
201002225	1776	General Washington and his men were overpowered by the British at the Battle of Long Island. Washington and his men escaped to Manhattan Island.
201002226	General William Howe	General Washington's adversary.
201002227	December 26, 1776	Washington surprised and captured 1,000 Hessians who were sleeping.
201002228	British Scheme for capturing Hudson River--1777	It would sever New England from the rest of the states and paralyze the American cause. The main invading force, lead by General Burgoyne, would push down the Lake Champlain route from Canada. General Howe's troops in New York, if needed, could advance up the Hudson River to meet Burgoyne near Albany. The 3rd force was commanded by colonel Barry St. Leger, who would come in from the west by way of Lake Ontario and the Mohawk Valley.
201002229	October 17, 1777	General Burgoyne was forced to surrender his entire command at Saratoga on to American general Horatio Gates (Burgoyne's Blunder). This win made it possible for the urgently needed foreign aid from France. (Turning point in war.)
201002230	April 1775	After the shooting at Lexington in, French secretly provided arms to the Americans. The British offered the Americans home rule after the Battle of Saratoga. The French didn't want Britain to regain its colonies for fear that Britain would seize the sugar rich French West Indies. In order to stop this, the French made an open alliance with the Americans in 1778, offering all the British did with the exception of independence.
201002231	1778	France made an open alliance with the Americans
201002232	1779	Spain and Holland became allies against Britain.
201002233	Global Conflict	The British decided to evacuate Philadelphia and concentrate their strength in New York City.
201002234	1780	General Benedict Arnold turned traitor against the Americans
201002235	Counterblow to Arnold	General Nathaniel Greene succeeded in clearing most British troops out of Georgia and South Carolina.
201002236	The Treaty of Fort Stanwix- (1784)	the first treaty between the United States and an Indian nation; signed with the Iroquois.
201002237	George Rogers Clark	conceived the idea of capturing the British of the wild Illinois country in 1778-1779.
201002238	John Paul Jones	known as the father of the navy. He employed the tactic of privateering.
201002239	Privateering	when privately owned and crewed vessels were authorized by a government during a wartime to attack and capture enemy vessels, men, cargo, etc; it diverted manpower from the main war effort; it brought in needed gold, harassed the enemy, and raised American morale by providing victories in a time when victories were few
201002240	1780-1781	The U.S. government fell nearly bankrupt.
201002241	...	British General Cornwallis fell back to Chesapeake Bay at Yorktown to await seaborne supplies and reinforcements. This time in war was one of the few times when British naval superiority had been lacking.
201002242	Lack of Naval superiority	Admiral de Grasse offered to join the Americans in an assault of Cornwallis via the sea. George Washington, along with Rochambeau's army, and Admiral de Grasse cornered Cornwallis. He was forced to surrender on October 19, 1781.
201002243	October 19, 1781	Rochambeau's army, and Admiral de Grasse cornered Cornwallis, forcing him to surrender
201002244	1782	a Whig ministry replaced the Tory regime of Lord North
201002245	Treaty of Paris of 1783	British formally recognized the independence of the United States, Florida is given to Spain, Britain granted generous boundaries, stretching to the Mississippi on the west, to the Great Lakes on the north, and to Spanish Florida on the south, Yankees were to retain a share in the priceless fisheries of Newfoundland, the Loyalists were to no longer be prosecuted, Congress was to recommend to the state legislatures that confiscated Loyalist property be restored. The states vowed to put no lawful obstacles in the way of Loyalist property collection. Ben Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay negotiated the peace terms with Britain.
201002246	Republicanism	a just society in which all citizens willingly subordinated their private, selfish interests to the common good. Both the stability of society and the authority of government thus depended on the virtue of the citizenry-its capacity for selflessness, self-sufficiency, and courage.
201002247	"Radical Whigs"	a group of British political commentators, made attacks on the use of patronage and bribes by the king's ministers. They warned citizens to be on guard for possible corruption.
201002248	Georgia	only colony to be formed by Britain.
201002249	The Navigation Law of 1650	Stated that all goods flowing to and from the colonies could only be transported in British vessels. It was aimed to hurt rival Dutch shippers
201002250	Navigation Laws strictly	Prime minister George Grenville _________ ________ Due to the French and Indian War, Britain had a very large debt.
201002251	Sugar Act--1764	the first law ever passed by Parliament to raise tax revenue in the colonies for England. The Sugar Act increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies.
201002252	The Quartering Act of 1765	required certain colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops.
201002253	Stamp Act--1765	George Grenville imposed a stamp tax on the colonies to raise revenues to support the new military force. This stamp tax, known as the _____ _____, mandated the use of stamped paper or the affixing of stamps, certifying payment of tax.
201002254	The Stamp Act Congress of 1765	brought together in New York City 27 distinguished delegates from 9 colonies. The members drew up a statement of their rights and grievances and requested the king and Parliament to repeal the hated legislation. The meeting's ripples began to erode sectional suspicions (suspicions between the colonies), for it had brought together around the same table leaders from the different and rival colonies. It was one step towards intercolonial unity.
201002255	Nonimportation agreements	agreements made to not import British goods were an stride toward unionism.
201002256	The Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Liberty	Took the law into their own hands by enforcing the nonimportation agreements.
201002257	Repeal of the Stamp Act--1766	Parliament repeals the Stamp Act
201002258	Declaratory Act	Reaffirming Britain's right to bind the colonies in all cases whatsoever.
201002259	Townshend Acts--1767	Parliament passed the ______ ____. They put a light import tax on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea.
201002260	Boston Massacre--March 5,1770	British officials, faced with a breakdown of law and order, landed 2 regiments of troops in the colonies in 1768. On March 5, 1770, a crowd of 60 townspeople attacked 10 redcoats and the redcoats opened fired on the civilians, killing/wounding 11 of them.
201002261	Repeal of Townshend Acts	Lord North was forced to persuade Parliament to repeal the Townshend revenue duties.
201002262	Samuel Adams	Master propagandist and engineer of rebellion; formed the first local committee of correspondence in Massachusetts in 1772 (Sons of Liberty).
201002263	Sons of Liberty--1772	first local committee of correspondence
201002264	Committees of Correspondance	created by the American colonies in order to maintain communication with one another. They were organized in the decade before the Revolution when communication between the colonies became essential.
201002265	March of 1773	the Virginia House of Burgesses, the lower house of the Colony of Virginia, proposed that each colonial legislature appoint a standing committee for intercolonial correspondance. Within just a year, nearly all of the colonies had joined.
201002266	1773	the British East India Company was overstocked with 17 million pounds of unsold tea. If the company collapsed, the London government would lose much money. Therefore, the London government gave the company a full monopoly of the tea sell in America. Fearing that it was trick to pay more taxes on tea, the Americans rejected the tea. When the ships arrived in the Boston harbor, the governor of Massachusetts, Thomas Hutchinson, forced the citizens to allow the ships to unload their tea.
201002267	December 16, 1773	a band of Bostonians, disguised as Indians, boarded the ships and dumped the tea into the sea. (Boston Tea Party)
201002268	1774	Parliament punished the people of Massachusetts for their actions in the Boston Tea Party. Parliament passed laws, known as the Intolerable Acts, which restricted colonists' rights. The laws made restrictions on town meetings, and stated that enforcing officials who killed colonists in the line of duty would be sent to Britain for trial (where it was assumed they would be acquitted of their charges).
201002269	Boston Port Act	It closed the Boston harbor until damages were paid and order could be ensured. (an Intolerable law)
201002270	The Quebec Act	was passed in 1774, but is not apart of the Intolerable Acts. It gave Catholic French Canadians religious freedom and restored the French form of civil law; this law nullified many of the Western claims of the coast colonies by extending the boundaries of the province of Quebec to the Ohio River on the south and to the Mississippi River on the west.
201002271	1774	the 1st Continental Congress met in Philadelphia in order to redress colonial grievances over the Intolerable Acts. The 13 colonies, excluding Georgia, sent 55 men to the convention. (The 1st Continental Congress was not a legislative body, rather a consultative body, and convention rather than a congress.)
201002272	7 weeks of deliberation (End Result)	the 1st Continental Congress drew up several papers. The papers included a Declaration of Rights and solemn appeals to other British-American colonies, to the king, and to the British people. The creation of The Association was the most important outcome of the Congress. It called for a complete boycott of British goods; nonimportation, nonexportation, and nonconsumption.
201002273	The Association	called for a complete boycott of British goods; nonimportation, nonexportation, and nonconsumption.
201002274	April 1775	The British commander in Boston sent a detachment of troops to Lexington. They were to seize provisions of colonial gunpowder and to capture the "rebel" ringleaders, Samuel Adams and John Hancock. At Lexington, 8 Americans were shot and killed. This incident was labeled as the "Lexington Massacre." When the British went on to Concord, they were met with American resistance and there were over 300 casualties and 70 deaths. Because of this, the British had a war, rather than a rebellion on their hands.
201002275	Lexington Massacre."	At Lexington, 8 Americans were shot and killed, while they were looking for Samuel Adams and John Hancock
201002276	Brit. Pros	The population of Britain was over 3 times as large as the population of America. Britain also had a much greater economic wealth and naval power.
201002277	Brit. Cons	British, though, there was rebellion brewing in Ireland, and France, bitter from its recent defeat, was waiting for an opportunity to attack Britain. Britain was therefore forced to divert much of its military power and concentration away from the Americas. Britain's army in America had to operate under numerous difficulties; provisions were short and soldiers were treated brutally.
201002278	Marquis de Lafayette (Amer. Pro)	French who was made a major general in the colonial army at the age of 19; the "French Gamecock"; his services were invaluable in securing further aid from France.
201002279	Amer. Pro	The Articles of Confederation was adopted in 1781. It was the first written constitution adopted by colonists.
201002280	Amer. Con	Due to the lack of metallic money in America, Continental Congress was forced to print "Continental" paper money. Within a short time, this money depreciated significantly and individual states were forced to print their own paper money.
201002281	War-->Heroism	At Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, American men went without food for 3 days in the winter of 1777-1778.
201002282	Baron von Steuben	German who helped to whip the America fighters into shape for fighting the British.
201002283	Lord Dunmore	royal (British) governor of Virginia. In 1775, he issued a proclamation promising freedom for any enslaved black in Virginia who joined the British army. "Lord Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment"
201002284	"Lord Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment"	regimen of black by Lord Dunmore