AP Bio Chapter 18 Vocabulary

193455	capsid	a protein shell enclosing the viral genome is called a ________
193456	viral envelopes	a membrane that cloaks the capsid that in turn encloses a viral genome
193457	host range	each type of virus can infect only a limited range of host cells, called its _______ ________
193458	lytic cycle	a phage reprodductive cycle that culminates in death of the host cell is known as a ______ _______
193459	virolent phage	a phage that reproduces only by a lytic cycle is a ________ ________
193460	restriction enzymes	when phage DNA successfully enters a bacterium, the DNA is often recognized as foreign and gets cup up by cellular enzymes called restriction endonucleases, or _________ ________
193461	lysogenic cycle	the ______ ______ replicates the phage genome without destroying the host
193462	temperate phages	phages capable of using both modes of reproduction within a bacterium are called _______ ________
193463	prophage	when integrated into the bacterial chromosome, the viral DNA is known as a ___________
193464	retroviruses	the RNA animal viruses with the most complicated reproductive cycles are the ___________
193465	reverse transcriptase	retroviruses are equipped with an enzyme called _________ ___________, which transcribes an RNA template into DNA, providing an RNA --> DNA info flow
193466	vaccines	_____ are harmless variants or derivatives of pathogenic microbes that stimulate the immune system to mount defenses agaianst the actual pathogen
193467	viroid	a plant pathogen composed of molecules of naked circular RNA only several hundred nucleotides long
193468	prion	an infectious form of protein that may increase in number by converting related proteins into more of these
193469	nucleoid	without a bacterium, certain proteins cause the chromosome to tightly coil, densely packing it so that it fills only part of the cell, called the _____________
193470	transformation	the process of _________ is the alternation of a bacterial cell's genotype and phenotype by the uptake of naked, foreign DNA and from the surrounding environment.
193472	transduction	in the process of _______, phages carry bacterial genes from one host cell to another as a result of aberrations in the phage reproductive cycle
193473	conjugation	somoetimes referred to as bacterial "sex", __________ is the direct transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells that are temporarily joined
193474	F factor	the ability to form sex pili and donate DNA during conjugation results from the presence of a special piece of DNA called an _ ________. this can exist either as a segment of DNA within the bacterial chromosome, or as a plasmid
193475	plasmid	a ________ is a small, circular, self-replicating DNA molecule separate from the bacterial chromosome
193476	episome	a genetic element that can replicate either as part of the bacterial chromosome or independently of it is called an _______
193477	F plasmid	when the F factor and its plasmid form, it's called the _ _________
193478	R plasmids	bacterial plasmids carrying genes that confer resistance to certain antibiotics
193479	transposable elements	the RNA of a single cell can under recombination owning to movement of _______ __________ within a cell's genome
193480	insertion sequences	the simplest transposable elements; they exist only in bacteria
193481	transposons	transposable elements longer and more complex than insertion sequences, called __________, also move in the bacterial genome
193482	operator	the switch that can control the whole cluster of functional related genes
193483	operon	the operator, promoter, and genes they contro constitute an ________
193484	regulatory gene	the trp repressor is the product of a _____ ______ called trpR, which is located some distance away from the operon it controls
193485	corepressor	a small molecule that cooperates with a repressor protein to switch an operon off