AP Psychology: Prologue
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| 31144484 | Psychology | the scientific study of behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by the organism's physical state, mental state, and external environment | |
| 31144485 | Empiricism | the view that knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and science flourishes through observation and experiment | |
| 31145669 | Structuralism | an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind; the study of the nature of the consciousness (one's awareness of self) | |
| 31145670 | Functionalism | a school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function-how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish | |
| 31145671 | Humanistic psychology | historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth of healthy people; used personalized methods to study personality in hopes of fostering personal growth; emphasizes conscious rather than unconscious experience and focuses on free will and self-actualization of human potential | |
| 31145672 | B.F. Skinner | a leading behaviorist who rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior | |
| 31145673 | John B. Watson | championed psychology as the science of behavior and demonstrated conditioned responses on a baby | |
| 31145674 | Wilhelm Wundt | established the first psychology laboratory, in Germany; founder of structuralism; father of modern psychology | |
| 31145675 | Aristotle | ancient Greek philosopher who believed that the soul, as well as particular parts of the soul, is not separable from the body; derived principles by empirical research | |
| 31145676 | Socrates and Plato | two ancient Greek philosophers who concluded that the mind is separable from the body and continues after the body dies; were rationalists (truth is reached not via our senses but via our thoughts) | |
| 31146528 | Edward Bradford Titchener | used introspection to search for the mind's structural elements | |
| 31146529 | Margaret Floy Washburn | first woman to receive a psychology Ph.D.; synthesized animal behavior research in "The Animal Mind" | |
| 31146530 | Sigmund Freud | personality theorist and therapist, whose controversial ideas influenced humanity's self-understanding | |
| 31147511 | Nature-nurture issue | the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors | |
| 31147512 | Philosophy and physiology | the roots of psychology | |
| 31147513 | Hippocrates | ancient Greek philosopher who believed that the mind resides within the brain and that mental illness is caused by physiological malfunctions | |
| 31151064 | Tabula rasa | Locke's notion that individual human beings are born "blank" (with no built-in mental content), and that their identity is defined entirely by events after birth | |
| 31151065 | Immanuel Kant | rejected Locke's tabula rasa theory; believed that perceptual input must be processed, i.e. recognized, or it would just be noise | |
| 31151066 | Franz Joseph Gall | early phrenologist: attempt to localize brain functioning and predict personality by feeling the contour of the skull | |
| 31151067 | Pragmatism | knowledge is validated by its usefulness; concerned with what we can do with the knowledge that we gain about people | |
| 31151068 | William James | founder of functionalism; studied consciousness | |
| 31151069 | John Dewey | functionalist and pragmatic; believed students should learn by experimentation and by doing, rather than by merely being told facts | |
| 31151070 | Gestaltism | studies psychological phenomena as organized, structured wholes | |
| 31151071 | Neuroscience | current psychological perspective that focuses on how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences | |
| 31151072 | Evolutionary | current psychological perspective that focuses on how the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one's genes | |
| 31151073 | Behavior genetics | current psychological perspective that focuses on how much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences | |
| 31151074 | Psychodynamic | current psychological perspective that focuses on how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts | |
| 31151075 | Behavioral | current psychological perspective that focuses on how we learn observable responses | |
| 31151076 | Cognitive | current psychological perspective that focuses on how we encode, process, store, and retrieve info | |
| 31151077 | Social-cultural | current psychological perspective that focuses on how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures | |
| 31151078 | Basic research | pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base | |
| 31151079 | Applied research | scientific study that aims to solve practical problems | |
| 31151080 | Counseling psychology | branch of psychology that assists people w/ problems in living and in achieving greater well-being | |
| 31151081 | Clinical psychology | branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people w/ psychological disorders | |
| 31151082 | Psychiatry | branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders | |
| 31151083 | Associationism | examines how events or ideas can become associated with one another in the mind to result in a form of learning; focuses on high-level mental processes |