AP Psych Ch. 4

228931261	Developmental Psychology	A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
228931262	Zygote	The fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo
228931263	Embryo	The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month
228931264	Fetus	The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
228931265	Teratogens	Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
228931266	Fetal Alcohol Sydrome (FAS)	Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking; in severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions
228931267	Rooting Reflex	A baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nippe
228931268	Habituation	Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation; as infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner
228931269	Maturation	Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
228931270	Infantile Amnesia	The inability of individuals to remember the very earliest years of their lives
228931271	Scale Errors	A serious attempt made by a child to perform a task that is patently impossible because of the extreme differences in the size of the objects involved
228931272	Schema	A concept of framework that organizes and interprets information
228931273	Assimilation	Interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas
228931274	Accommodation	Adapting one's current understanding (schemas) to incorporate new information
228931275	Cognition	All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
232932309	Sensorimotor Stage	In Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activity
232932310	Object Permanence	The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
232932311	Preoperational Stage	In Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
232932312	Conservation	The principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
232932313	Egocentrism	In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view
232932314	Theory of Mind	People's idea's about their own and others' mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict
232932315	Autism	A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind
232932316	Inner Speech	Speech that is directed by a person to himself and which is realized in an internal code that is not in audible speech
232932317	Scaffolding	The provision of sufficient support to promote learning when concepts and skills are first being introduced to students
232932318	Zone of Proximal Development	The difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she can do with help
232932319	Concrete Operational Stage	In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
232932320	Formal Operational Stage	In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
232932321	Stranger Anxiety	The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age
232932322	Attachment	An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
232932323	Body Contact	Attachment from nurturing and security given to a child
237165961	Safe Haven	When the child feels threatened or afraid, he or she can return to the caregiver for comfort and support
237165962	Secure Base	The caregiver provides a dependable base for the child to explore the world
237165963	Critical Period	An optimal period shortly after birth where an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
237165964	Imprinting	The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
237165965	Strange Situation	Usually a laboratory play room
237165966	Secure Attachment	Caregivers are a secure base for exploration
237165967	Insecure Attachment	No attachment
237165968	Temperament	One's characteristic emotional reactivity
237165969	Basic Trust	According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
237165970	Self-Concept	A sense of one's identity and personal worth
237165971	Authoritarian Parenting	Parents impose rules and expect obedience
237165972	Authoritative Parenting	Parents are both demanding and responsive
237165973	Permissive Parenting	Parents submit to their children's desires, make few demands, and use little punishment
237165974	Neglecting/Rejecting Parenting	Indifference to children
237165975	Adolescence	The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence
237165976	Puberty	The period of sexual maturation during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
238575190	Primary Sex Characteristics	The body structures that make sexual reproduction possible
238575191	Secondary Sex Characteristics	Non-reproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality and body hair
238575192	Menarche	The first menstrual period
238575193	Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Reasoning	Made of pre-conventional morality, conventional morality, and post-conventional morality
238575194	Empathy	The capacity to recognize and share feelings by another human
238575195	Delayed Gratification	A person's ability to wait in order to obtain something that he or she wants
238575196	Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development	Made up of stages; hope, will, purpose, competence, fidelity, love, care, and integrity
238575197	Identnity	One's sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
238575198	Intimacy	In Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary development task in late adolescence and early adulthood
238575199	Menopause	The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines
238575200	Alzheimer's Disease	A progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and physical functioning
238575201	Cross-sectional Study	A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another
238575202	Longitudinal Study	Research in which people of different ages are compared with one another
238575203	Crystallized Intelligence	One's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
238575204	Fluid Intelligence	One's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
238575205	Social Clock	The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement
238575206	Life Events	Mark transitions to new life whenever they occur and occur at increasingly unpredictable ages
238575207	Kubler-Ross' Stages of Grief (Dying)	Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance
238575208	Continuity/Stages	Does change occur in steps or smoothly over time?
238575209	Stability/Change	How much does behavior change over the lifespan?