Biochemistry Set 3

191916828	ionic bond	bond resulting from a transfer of electrons (electrons being ripped off)
191916829	covalent bond	bond resulting from the sharing of electrons
191916830	nonpolar	electrons shared equally
191916831	polar covalent bond	bond resulting from electrons shared unequally
191916832	buffer	substance that resists changes in pH
191916833	bicarbonate ion	most important buffer in human blood
191916834	isomer	organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structure
191916835	dehydration synthesis	condensation; joining compounds together with water released
191916836	hydrolysis	breakdown of a compound by adding water
191916837	polysaccharide	polymers of carbohydrates ("many" sugars)
191916838	peptide bond	bond creating amino acid chains or polymers (bond between amino acids)
191916839	conformation	protein's unique shape that determines its function
191916840	primary structure	linear sequence of amino acids; peptide bonds
191916841	secondary structure	protein formed with hydrogen bonds
191916842	tertiary structure	3D conformation formed; determines specificity, due to hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, hydrophobic interactions and ionic bonds
191916843	quaternary structure	protein with more than one polypeptide chain
191916844	alpha helix	secondary structure form of a protein; human hair (keratin)
191916845	beta pleated sheet	secondary structure form of a protein; spider webs and silk
191916846	heme group	one of four polypeptide chains in the quaternary structure of hemoglobin
191916847	protein folding problem	how proteins form their unique shapes
191916848	functional group	components of organic molecules most often involved in chemical reactions
191916849	enzyme	catalytic protein that lowers a reaction's energy of activation
191916850	induced fit model	enzyme model where the substrate induces the enzyme to alter its shape slightly so it fits better
191916851	cofactor	inorganic enzyme assist
191916852	coenzyme	organic enzyme assist (vitamins)
191916853	competitive inhibition	compounds that look like the normal substrate compete for the same active site on the enzyme
191916854	noncompetitive inhibition	more than one active site and the substrates do not look like each other
191916855	allosteric inhibition	two active sites, one for a substrate and one for an inhibitor
191916856	feedback inhibition	metabolic pathway is switched off by the end product; allosteric inhibition
191916857	cooperativity	substrate stimulating an enzyme with quaternary structure to be more effective
191916858	cohesion	like molecules sticking together
191916859	alkaline	synonym for basic
191916860	salt	compound that releases ion other than H+ or OH- when dissolved in water
191916861	chemical equilibrium	when the reaction rate is about the same in either direction
191916862	polymer	long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together
191916863	monomer	building block for polymers; only made by producers
191916864	adhesion	attraction between different kinds of molecules
191916865	surface tension	measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid
191916866	van der Waals interactions	tertiary structure; weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from localized charge fluctuations
191916867	evaporative cooling	property of a liquid where the surface becomes cooler during evaporation due to the loss of molecules
191916868	hydration shell	sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion
191916869	disulfide bridge	tertiary structure; strong covalent bond formed when one sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another
191916870	hydrophobic interaction	tertiary structure; weak chemical bond formed when molecules that do not mix with water change to exclude the water
191916871	hydrocarbon	organic molecule consisting of only hydrogen and carbon
191916872	macromolecule	giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules
191916873	hydroxyl	hydrogen bonded to oxygen bonded to an organic molecule's carbon skeleton; alcohol; polar
191916874	carboxyl	oxygen double bonded to a carbon atom that is bonded to a hydroxyl group
191916875	amine	nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens and to the carbon skeleton
191916876	isotope	atoms with same number of protons but different number of neutrons
191916877	hydrogen bond	weak bond between hydrogen and a highly electronegative atom like nitrogen or oxygen
191916878	acid	more H+ than OH- ions, pH below 7
191916879	base	more OH- than H+ ions, pH above 7
191916880	pH	measure of H+ ions in a solution
191916881	amino acid	contain carboxyl group (COOH) and amino group (NH2) and side chain R.... make up proteins