AP Psych--Chapter 8 Flashcards

118912434	learning	a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience	0
118912435	associative learning	learning that certain events occur together; the events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)	1
118912436	classical conditioning	a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli; NS that signals a UCS begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the UCS; also called Pavlovian or respondent conditioning	2
118912437	Ivan Pavlov	Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs	3
118912438	behaviorism	the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes; most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not (2)	4
118912439	unconditioned response (UCR)	in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the UCS, such as salivation when food is in the mouth	5
118912440	unconditioned stimulus (UCS)	in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally--naturally and automatically--triggers a response	6
118912441	conditioned response (CR)	in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus	7
118912442	conditioned stimulus (CS)	in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an UCR, comes to trigger a CR	8
118912443	neutral stimulus (NS)	in classical conditioning, an irrelevant stimulus that is paired with the UCS and is then associated with the UCR to eventually trigger a CR	9
118912444	acquisition	the initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response	10
118912445	delay conditioning	CS is present until US begins	11
118912446	trace conditioning	CS is presented, then removed; then US is presented	12
118912447	simultaneous conditioning	CS and US are presented at the same time	13
118912448	backward conditioning	US is presented before CS (ineffective)	14
118912449	John Watson	Psychologist; believed that human emotions and behavior, though biologically influenced are mainly a bundle of conditioned responses	15
118912450	Rosalie Rayner	Psychologist; assistant (and mistress) of John Watson	16
118912451	Baby Albert	feared loud noises, but not white rats; was conditioned to fear rats, generalized to all fluffy things	17
118912452	second-order (higher-order) conditioning	conditioning on top of conditioning (ex. food=saliva, food+bell=saliva, bell=saliva, bell+light=saliva, light=saliva)	18
118912453	Mary Cover-Jones	CC--first person to introduce counterconditioning (to treat fears)	19
118912454	counterconditioning	a behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behavior	20
118912455	systematic desensitization	associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli	21
118912456	John Garcia	Psychologist; species are biologically predisposed to learning things that help them survive	22
118912457	extinction	the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when a UCS does not follow a CS; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced	23
118912458	spontaneous recovery	the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished CR	24
118912459	generalization	the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimului similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses	25
118912460	discrimination	in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal a UCS	26
118912461	Robert Rescorla	Psychologist; when two significant events happen together, the animal learns the predictability.	27
118912462	operant conditioning	a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher	28
118912463	B.F. Skinner	Psychologist; behaviorist, did lots of work with operant conditioning	29
118912464	Edward Thorndike	Psychologist; created the law of effect, inspired Skinner	30
118912465	puzzle box	cage with a latch, developed by Thorndike, to test how long it took the animal to figure out how to escape	31
118912466	respondent behavior	behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinner's term for behavior learned through classical conditioning	32
118912467	operant behavior	behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences	33
118912468	law of effect	Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely	34
118912469	operant chamber/Skinner box	a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking; used in operant conditioning	35
118912470	shaping	an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior	36
118912471	chaining	use operant conditioning to teach something long that has many parts	37
118912472	reinforcer	in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows	38
118912473	positive reinforcement	increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food; a positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response	39
118912474	negative reinforcement	increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock; a negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response (not a punishment)	40
118912475	primary reinforcer	an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need	41
118912476	conditioned/secondary reinforcer	a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer	42
118912477	continuous reinforcement	reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs	43
118912478	partial/intermittent reinforcement	reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition or a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement	44
118912479	fixed-ratio schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses; predictable/repetition increases reinforcement	45
118912480	variable-ratio schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses; unpredictable/repetition increases reinforcement	46
118912481	fixed-interval schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedules that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed; predictable/repetition does not increase reinforcement	47
118912482	variable-interval schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals; unpredictable/repetition does not increase reinforcement	48
118912483	punishment	an event that decreases the behavior that it follows	49
118912484	cognitive map	a mental representation of the layout of one's environment; for example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a map of it	50
118912485	latent learning	learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it	51
118912486	Edward Tolman	Psychologist associated with latent learning	52
118912487	intrinsic motivation	a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake	53
118912488	extrinsic motivation	a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment	54
118912489	overjustification effect	if you start off doing something for intrinsic reasons, then an extrinsic reward is offered, it is likely you will lose some or all intrinsic motivation	55
118912490	Albert Bandura	Psychologist associated with observational learning and the Bobo doll experiment	56
118912491	observational learning	learning by observing others	57
118912492	modeling	the process of observing and imitation a specific behavior	58
118912493	mirror neurons	frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so; the brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy	59
118912494	prosocial behavior	positive, constructive, helpful behavior; the opposite of antisocial behavior	60
118912495	Premack principle	a reinforcer's properties depend on the individual and the situation	61
118912496	learning curve	a graphic representation of how much learning takes place over time	62
118912497	behavior modification	the use of operant conditioning in any kind of training	63
118912498	token economy	a type of behavior modification; every time you do something right, you get tokens which can be redeemed for prizes. popular in stores, restaurants, and elementary schools	64