AP PSYCH Flashcards

213807635	Middle Ear	Chamber between eardrum and cochlea containing the hammer, anvil, and stirrup	0
213807636	Cochlea	A coiled bony, fluid filled muscle through which sound waves travel and trigger nerve cells	1
213807637	Inner Ear	Contains Cochlea, Semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs	2
213807638	Pupil	Small Adjustable opening where light passes through into the eye	3
213807639	Iris	Adjusts light and dialates and constricting in response to inner emotions and light intensity	4
213807640	Blind Spot	A point where the Opitical Nerve leaves the eye, creating a spot where you can't see.	5
213807641	Optic Nerve	Carries information to the brain from the eye	6
213807642	Retina	Contains receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin to process visual info.	7
213807643	Fovea	Focus Point in retina, where eye cones cluster	8
213807644	Lens	Transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to focus images on Retina	9
213807645	Priming	Activation of unconsciously of certain associations, activates ones memory, perception, and response.	10
213807646	Sensory Adaption	Moderate sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation	11
213807647	Wave Length	the distance between two waves	12
213807648	Transduction	conversion of one form of energy into another. Transforms stimulus energies into neural impulses so brain can interpret	13
213807649	Hue	dimension of color that is determined by wavelength of light	14
213807650	Webers Law	principle that to be percieved as different, 2 stimuli differ by a constant minumum percentage.	15
213807651	Difference Threshold	minimum difference between stimuli required for detection 50 % of the time	16
213807652	Intensity	amount of energy in light or sound waves; determined by wave amplitude	17
213807653	Sensation	Touch, Taste, Sight, Audition, Smell; Process of sensory recpetors & nervous system recieve and represent stimuli energies from environment	18
213807654	Perception	How we view things; organizing and interpreting stimuli and sensory info. Recognizing meaningful objects and events	19
213807655	Psycho - Phsyics	study of relationships between physical characteristics of stimuli	20
213807656	Bottom Up Processing	Anaylsis that begins with sensory receptors; Works brains union of sensory info.	21
213807657	Top Down Processing	Info Process of higher mental processes, as when we construct perceptions on our experiences and expectations.	22
213807658	Signal Theory	Perception of how and when we detect a faint stimulus (signal) amongst background stimulation (noise). Absolute Threshold and detection does not depend on persons experiences.	23
213807659	Subliminal	under one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness	24
213807660	Absolute Threshold	The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimuli 50% of the time; ex. Candle Light flickering on a clear night 30 ft away	25
213807661	Monocular Cues	depth cue; ex. interposition, linear perspective. Available to either eye alone.	26
213807662	Binocular Cues	Depth Cue; ex. retinal despiraty and convergence, depend on both eyes.	27
213807663	Visual Cliff	A lab device; for testing depth perception in infants and animals.	28
213807664	Gestlalt	could be type of Psychologist; an organized whole. Emphazises our tendency to arrange pieces of info into a meaningful whole;	29
213807665	Developmental Pysch	branch of psych; studies physical, cognitive, and social changes through our life	30
213807666	Rooting Reflex	Babies Tendency when touched on cheek, to turn towards the touch and reach out for nipple;	31
213807667	Habituation	decreasing responsiveness w/ repeated incentive (stimulation) Infants gain familiarity w/ repeated exposure. Ex, showing cookie and saying "cookie"	32
213807668	Maturation	develops earlier in girls; biological growth process that enable changes in behavior. NOT INFLUENCED BY EXPERIENCE	33
213807669	Zygote	Rapid cell division, 1st step in conception. 2 weeks	34
213807670	Schema	Mom is nice, all moms are nice. Beliefs by experiences.	35
213807671	Behavior Genetics	study of relative power and limits in genetic and behavior influence.	36
213807672	Identical Twins	Twins that develop from 1 egg; Splits in two, grow in same embryo/fetus. Genetically the same.	37
213807673	Tempermant	a person's characteristics, emotionally and reactively, and intensity.	38
213807674	Heritability	Varation among individuals that we can attribute to genes; trait may vary; depends on environment. Ex. We inherit anger from our environment	39
213807675	Genome	complete instructions for making an organism; genetic makeup, how many chromosomes.	40
213807676	Genes	the biochemical factors of heredity that make up a chromosome; DNA capable of arranging proteins;	41
213807677	Fraternal Twins	twins who develop in seperate eggs; only share 50% of genes, no closer than brother and sister; just same age. Share fetal env't	42
213807678	DNA	a complex molecule containing the genetic info that makes up chromosomes	43
213807679	Empiricism	Knowledge comes from experience; via senses	44
213807680	Psychology	Scientific study of mental and biological processes	45
213807681	Structuralism	school of psych that explores the complexity of the mind	46
213807682	Functionalism	school of pysch that explores behavior and mental processing and how they work together	47
213807683	1st Psychology Lab	William Wundt (german pyschologist) created this; Germany, 1879 in University of Lepzeig. Experimental psych.	48
213807684	Humanistic Psych.	historically signifigant perspective; emphasizes growth potential. Branch of psych. personalized methods to study personality.	49
213807685	Hindsight Bias	Process where we think we know, but we don't. Ex. "I knew that.." when we miss a question on a test	50
213807686	Placebo	expirment based on expectations, not on actual effect of medicine. Fake drug used to see how people take drugs mentally	51
213807687	Seretonin	mood regulator; too much, too happy. Too little, too depressed. Neuroscience.	52
213807688	Nature Vs. Nurture	longstanding controversey on whether biological factors shape you or enviroment/experience do	53
213807689	Basic Research	pure science; aims to increase scientific knowledge. Simple study.	54
213807690	Applied Research	scientific study where you have to put forth effort, solves pratical issues.	55
213807691	Levels of Anaylsis	differing complementary views; from bio to psycho to social cutural. (THINK PYRAMID)	56
213807692	Natural Selection	principle among inherited traits, lead to increased reproduction; passed on in succeeding generations.	57
213807693	BioPsycho Approach	a perspective that incorporates bio and psycho and social cultural levels of analysis	58
213807694	Clinical Psych	studies,assesses, and assists people with problems (psycho problems)	59
213807695	Psychiatry	branch of MEDICINE dealing with psycho. disorders. Practiced by doctoral physicians.	60
213807696	Counseling Psych.	branch of pysch that helps people with problems in life and achievements	61
213807697	Critical Thinking	thinking that doesn't blindly accept arguments	62
213807698	Theory	something like a hypothesis; just tested for results; an idea used in intergrated principles;	63
213807699	Hypothesis	a testable prediction	64
213807700	Operation Definition	statement procedures used to define research variables; ex: Human Intelligence	65
213807701	Replication	repeating research studies for best results;	66
213807702	Case Study	an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of discovering a principle;	67
213807703	Survey	a non-biased technique that tests attitudes and beliefs and behaviors of people; (ex. asking them their favorite color, game, etc..) random sample.	68
213807704	Grouping	tendenacy to organize stumuli into certain areas	69
213807705	Retinal Desparity	binocular cue for percieving depth; comparing images from 2 eyes, brain computes distance;	70
213807706	Convergence	binocular cue for percieving depth; extent which eyes combine inward when looking at object	71
213807707	Figure Ground	organization of visual field into objects that stand out from another;	72
213807708	Inattentional Blindness	failing to see visible objects when our attention is detected elsewhere;	73
213807709	Visual Capture	vision overcomes all other senses	74
213807710	Selective Attention	Paying close attention to surroundings; conscious awareness on a stimuli;	75
213807711	Depth Perception	ability to see objects in 3D, but the Retina makes them 2D; allows us to judge distance	76
213807712	Perceptual Adaption	in vision; the ability to adjust to an artifically displaced/modified visual field.	77
213807713	Phi Phonemenon	an illusion of movement created when 2 or more lights are flashed on and off quickly; ex. strobe lights	78
213807714	Perceptual Set	a mental disposition to percieve one thing and not the other;	79
213807715	John Locke	Blank slate dude-at birth, mind is blank and learned from experience; and env't	80
213807716	Human Factor Psych	Machines and Human Interaction; a study	81
213807717	ExtraSensory Perception	the arguable claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input	82
213807718	Parapsych	study of paranormal phonemenon	83
213807719	Perceptual Constancy	percieving objects as unchanging; even if it changes.	84
213807720	Farsighted	Vision is distorted behind retina	85
213807721	Nearsighted	Vision is distorted in front of retina	86
213807722	Rods	Black, White, Grey; receptors necessary for peripheral view and twilight vision	87
213807723	Cones	retinal receptors that are near the center of the retina, function in daylight and in well lit areas	88
213807724	Feature Detectors	nerve cells in brain that respond to specific features of the stimuli (like a movie, previews... the ____ film)	89
213807725	Acuity	sharpness/clearness of images	90
213807726	Accomidation	the process in which the eyes lens shape to focus near or far objects on the retina	91
213807727	Young Helmholtz theory	theory that the retina contains three color combos: red, green, blue	92
213807728	Audition	your basic hearing	93
213807729	Pitch	a tone's experienced highness and lowness; depends on frequency	94
213807730	Y Chromosome	Only in males; chromosome	95
213807731	x Chromosomes	found in female and male; chromosome	96
213807732	Role	a set of expected behaviors (ex, teachers are expected to educate kids)	97
213807733	Gender Identity	Your feeling about yourself; girl or boy..	98
213807734	Gender Schema Theory	theory that children learn their sex from experience and culture;	99
213807735	Testosterone	gives males identity; important male sex hormone; stimulates male sex organs b/c of high amounts of this. Gives them characteristics during puberty	100
213807736	Gender Typing	trait is either male or female; ex. males like mud, females don't.	101
213807737	Gender Role	a set of expected behaviors for each sex; ex. women keep up the house	102
213807738	Social Learning Theory	theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating; ex. mom is sarcastic, kid is sarcastic	103
213807739	Aggression	physical or verbal meaness; intention to bully;	104
213807740	collectivism	giving priority to the goal's of one's group and defininf one's identity accordingly	105
213807741	Opponent Process Theory	theory that opposing retinal processes that enable color in vision;	106
213807742	Color Constancy	color never changes, not matter the situation or experience.	107
213807743	Parallel Processing	process of several things in a problem happen simulataneously; Constant (serial) processing of most computers of conscious problem solving.	108
213807744	Frequency	number of waves that pass a point at a certain time;	109
213807745	Conduction Hearing loss	-deafness; hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that connects to the cochlea	110
213807746	Gate Control theory	theory that spinal cord is the gate that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass into the brain	111
213807747	Kinesthesis	the system for sensing voluntary movement	112
213807748	Sensory Interaction	principle that one sense may influence another;	113
213807749	Cochlear Implant	a replacement cochlea;	114
213807750	Sensorinueral Hearing Loss	caused by damage to cochleas recpetor cells connecting to auditory nerves;	115
213807751	Vestibular System	sense of body movement and position including sense of balance;	116
213807752	Interaction	the effect of 1 thing on another; ex. env't vs. heridity.	117
213807753	Norm	Understood rules for accepted behaviors;	118
213807754	Individualism	giving priorities to your goals but not thinking about other's goals.	119
213807755	Mutation	an error of an organism in gene replication	120
213807756	Gender	the biologically and socially influenced sex characteristics by which people define female/male.q	121
213807757	Personal Space	pleasing distance from someone; (personal bubble)	122
213807758	Culture	any religion,beliefs, foods, attitudes, or traditions that effect you as a person	123
213807759	Evolutinary Psych	the study of evolution of behavior in psych; using principles of natural selection	124
213807760	Molecular Genetics	the subfield of bio, that studies molecules structure and function of genes;	125
213807761	Population	quantity of people in certain area	126
213807762	Correlation	a measure to the extent to which two factors vary together, how well each factor predicts the other;	127
213807763	Scatter Plot	Graph of dots, ex.. correlations: postivie, negative, none	128
213807764	Naturalistic Observation	observing and recording people's behaviors from afar; people not aware of the study	129
213807765	Random Sampling	chosing people randomnly for a test or experiment; non-biast	130
213807766	False Consceous Effect	the tendency to over estimate the extent which offers beliefs and behaviors;	131
213807767	Illusory Correlation	something that doesn't exsist but appears to. a relationship	132
213807768	Experimental Correlation	the condition of an experiment that exposes participants to treatment of one ind. variable	133
213807769	Double Blind Procedure	neither patient nor doctor know whether drug is real or if it's a placebo; seen to study effects of drugs/mental perception not knowing of the effects of the medicine	134
213807770	Experiment	THE TESTING OF SOMETHING TO PROVE A THEORY/HYPOTHESIS	135
213807771	Random Assignment	ASSIGNING PEOPLE RANDOMLY SO YOU CAN GET VARIOUS RESULTS FROM EXPERIENCE	136
213807772	independent variable	experimental factor that is manipulated	137
213807773	dependent variable	the experimental factor that isn't messed with	138
213807774	mode	the most frequently seen in data (#)	139
213807775	control condition	condition of an experiment that contrast with experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating effect of treatment	140
213807776	mean	average of data (#)	141
213807777	median	middle # in set of data	142
213807778	range	top # in data - the bottom # in data	143
213807779	standard deviation	a computed measure of how much scores vary around the median	144
213807780	Jean Piaget	Cognitive Dev. Father	145
213807781	Bio Psych	a branch of pysch that is concerned with links between bio and behavior	146
213807782	Axon	branching terminal fibers, through which ACTION POTENTIAL messages are transmitted through	147
213807783	Action Potential	neural impulses that send messages throughout the brain	148
213807784	Dendrite	Grabs the messages/develops neural impulses	149
213807785	Myelin Shaeth	protection cover to the axon	150
213807786	neuron	nerve cell the basic block of nervous system	151
213807787	Threshold	the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse	152
213807788	Synapse	the GAP between the axon and the tip and dendrite of a cell body of the recieving neuron	153
213807789	Neurotransmitters	messages/impulses that are sent all around the brain to recpetor sites	154
213807790	PNS	everything in the system that isn't the spinal cord or brain	155
213807791	CNS	brain and spinal cord; system	156
213807792	Nervous System	body's speedy communication network consisting of all nerve cells;	157
213807793	Endorphins	morphine that connects pain with pleasure	158
213807794	ACh	neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contractions	159
213807795	Nerves	neural cables that contain axons, bundles part of the PNS, and connect the CNS to the rest of the body.	160
213807796	Sensory Neurons	neurons that carry sensory impulses that are carried to the CNS	161
213807797	Motor Neurons	neurons that carry outgoing messages from the CNS to muscles and gland	162
213807798	Interneurons	CNS neurons that internally communicate and intervene between sensory inputs and motor outputs	163
213807799	SYMP NS	loudness and stress effects this nervous system	164
213807800	PARA SYMP NS	peace and love effect this nervous system	165
213807801	NEURAL NETWORKS	neural cells that are connected; w/ experience they can learn and feedback strengthens conncetions and results	166
213807802	endocrine system	chemical comm. a set of glands that release hormones into the blood flow	167
213807803	hormones	chemical measures messenagers; mostly made by endocrine system, produced in 1 tissue, and affect another	168
213807804	Adrenal Glands	a pair of endocrine glands above the kidney; help body arouse from stressl	169
213807805	autonomic NS	heart, kiver, stomach, pancreas, intestines; part of the PNS that control glands and muscles;	170
213807806	SOMATIC NS	division of PNS that controls the bodies skeletal muscles; (ex. tendons)	171
213807807	ELECTROEN.GRAPH	an amplified recording of electrical activity; in brians surface. (test!)	172
213807808	PET SCAN	scan that has to do with injecting glucose into body, then seeing how brain functions against a certain task	173
213807809	MRI SCAN	magnetic fields used to produce computer generated images of the brain; (scan)	174
213807810	fMRI	reveals blood flow in brain activity (scan)	175
213807811	brainstem	oldest organ in body; central core of brain; begins where spinal cord swells and enters the skull	176
213807812	Medulla	the base of brainstem; controls voluntary movement	177
213807813	Reticular Formula	a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal	178
213807814	PIT. Gland	controls hormone growth and other endocrine functions;	179
213807815	Lesion	tissue destruction;	180
213807816	Limbic System	HIPPOCAMPUS, AMYGDALA, HYPOTHALAMUS, THALAMUS. DRIVES HUNGER AND THIRST AND SEX FEELINGS	181
213807817	Hypothalamus	need for sexual feeling, hunger, and thirst (controls)	182
213807818	Hippocampus	remembering new memories, learning	183
213807819	amygdala	two lima bean shaped things that control emotions;	184
213807820	cerebellum	little brain. processes sensory input, coordinates movement and balance	185
213807821	thalamus	brains sensory switchboard; delievers messages to the sensory recievers in the cortex	186
213807822	glial cells	cells that support and nourish and guard neurons	187
213807823	Frontal Lobes	forehead area; involved in speaking and moving and making plans and judgements	188
213807824	Parietal Lobes	top of head toward rear; recieves sensory input for touch and body position	189
213807825	Occipital Lobes	position of the cerebral cortex lying at back of head; recieve visual messages from visual fields	190
213807826	Temporal Lobes	above your ears, auditory areas, which recieve auditory messages from the opposite ear	191
213807827	Motor Cortex	areas in the rear of frontal lobes that control movement	192
213807828	Sensory Cortex	area in front of peripheral lobes that register and process the bodies senses	193
213807829	apahasia	impairment of language, cause by damage to either Broca's Area or Wernicke's Area	194
213807830	Broca's AreA	controls language expression..(Area) on the left. muscle movements involved in speech	195
213807831	Association Area	area of the cerebral cortex that arent involved in primary motor or sensory functions; higher mental functions.	196
213807832	Wenickes Area	controls language expression;/area/ involved in language comprehension and expression, in left temporal lobe;	197
213807833	Split Brain	a condition where 2 hemispheres are isolated by cutting of the fibers that hold them together	198
213807834	Corpus Collsum	large band of fibers that hold the brains hemisphere together	199
213807835	Plasticitiy	brains capability for modification;	200
213807836	Aristotle	mind and body as one	201
213807837	Plato	mind and body seperate 2	202
213807838	Socrates	believed mind and body were seprate	203
213807839	Dualism	the believe mind and body	204
213807840	Francis Bacon	brought science into psych	205
213807841	Willhelm Wundt	1st pysch lab	206
213807842	Titchner	Him and Wundt did Structuralism	207
213807843	james	functional school	208
213807844	Darwin	Him and James--Evolution, Functionalism	209
213807845	Freued	therapist and theorist : humanistic pysch	210
213807846	Skinner	behaviorhism; rejected introspection	211
213807847	Watson	science of behavior	212
213807848	Kohlburg	Morality theorist;	213
213807849	Erickson	Social Dev. theorist;	214