Ap World ch.23&24

135186351	Population Revolution	Huge growth in population in western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to industrialization.
135186352	Protoindustrialization	Preliminary shift away from an agricultural economy; workers became full- or part-time producers who worked at home in a capitalist system in which materials, work, orders, and sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to the Industrial Revolution.
135186353	American Revolution	Rebellion of the British American Atlantic seaboard colonies; ended with the formation of the independent United States. (nothing really changed in American society; go from Monarchy to Republic) upset about tax; upset mainly about rights to make money; British thought that America was already free.
135186354	French Revolution	Overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy through a revolution beginning in 1789; created a republic and eventually ended with Napoleon's French empire; the source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe. (get rid of Monarchy; gave every male person the right to vote (America only gave certain white men) very idealistic in the beginning; tried to kick Christianity out of the country brought in Deism- that there is a God but he just sits back and lets things happen). The Bastille became the symbol (July 14).
135186355	Louis XVI	Bourbon rule of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution.
135186356	Declaration of the Knights of Man and the Citizen	Adopted during the French Revolution; proclaimed the equality of French citizens; became a source document for later liberal movements.
135186357	Guillotine	Introduced as a method of "humane" execution; used during the French Revolution against thousands of individuals, especially during the Reign of Terror.
135186358	Napoleon Bonaparte	Army officer who rose in rank during the wars of the French Revolution; ended the democratic phase of the revolution; became emperor; deposed and exiled in 1815.
135186359	Congress of Vienna	Met in 1815 after the defeat of France to restore the European balance of power.
135186360	Liberalism	Political ideology that flourished in 19th- century western Europe; stressed limited stated interference in private life, representation of the people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments.
135186361	Radicals	Followers of a 19-century Western European political emphasis; advocated broader voting rights than liberals did; urged reforms favoring the lower classes.
135186362	Socialism	Political ideology in 19th-century Europe; attacked private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of the means of production and an end to the capitalistic exploitation of the working class.
135186363	Nationalism	European 19th-century viewpoint; often allied with other "isms"; urged the importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on ethnic origins.
135186364	Greek Revolution	Rebellion of the Greeks against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; a key step in the disintegration of the Turkish Balkan Empire.
135186365	French Revolution of 1830	Second revolution against the Bourbon dynasty; a liberal movement that created a bourgeois government under a moderate monarchy.
135186366	Belgian Revolution of 1830	Produced Belgian independence from the Dutch; established a constitutional monarchy.
135186367	Reform Bill of 1832	British legislation that extended the vote to most male members of the middle class.
135186368	James Watt	Decided a steam engine in the 1770s that could be used for production in many industries; a key step in the Industrial Revolution.
135186369	Factory system	Intensification of all of the processes of production at a single site during the Industrial Revolution; involved greater organization of labor and increased discipline.
135186370	Luddites	Workers in Britain who responded to the replacement of their labor by machines during the Industrial Revolution by attempting to destroy machines; named after the fictional worker Ned Ludd.
135186371	Chartist movement	Unsuccessful attempt by British artisans and workers to gain the vote during the 1840s.
135186372	French Revolution of 1848	Overthrew the French monarchy established in 1830; briefly established the Second French Republic.
135631981	Revolutions of 1848	The nationalist and liberal movements in Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary; after temporary success they were suppressed.
135631982	Louis Pasteur	Discoverer of germs and of the purifying process named after him.
135631983	Benjamin Disraeli	British politician; granted the vote to working-class men in 1867; an example of conservative politicians keeping stability through reform.
135631984	Count Camillo di Cavour	Architect of Italian unification in 1858; created a constitutional Italian monarchy under the king of Piedmont.
135631985	Otto von Bismarck	Conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under the Prussian king in 1871; used liberal reforms to maintain stability.
135631986	American Civil War (1861-1865)	Fought to prevent secession of the sourthern states; the first war to incorporate the products and techniques of the Industrial Revolution; reuslted in the abolition of slavery and the reunification of the United States.
135631987	Social Question	Issues relating to workers and women in western Europe during the Industrial Revolution; became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870.
135631988	Karl Marx	German socialst who saw history as a class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached the ineviabilty of social revolution and the creation of a proletarian dictatorship. (some called him the father of communism)
135631989	Revisionism	Socialist thought that disagreed with Marx's formulation; believed that social and economic progress could be achived through existing political institutions.
135631990	Feminist movement	Sought legal and economic gains for women, among the equal access to professional and higher education; came to consentrate on the right to vote; won initial support from middle-class women.
135631991	Mass leisure culture	an aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; decreased time at work and offered opportunities for new forms of leisure time, such as vacations trips and team sports.
135631992	Charles Darwin	Biologist who developed the theory of evolution of species; argued that all living forms evolved throught the successful ability to adapt in a struggle for survival.
135631993	Albert Einstein	Formulated mathematical theories to explain the behavior of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles; in about 1900 issued the theory of relativity.
135631994	Sigmund Freud	Viennese physician who developed theories of the working of the human subconscious; argued that behavior is determined by impulses.
135631995	Romanticism	19th-century western European artistic and literary movement; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were keys to the mysteries of human experiance and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflections. (against IR)
135631996	Triple Alliance	Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of the European balance of power system before WWI.
135631997	Triple Entente	Agreement between Britian, Russia, and France in 1907; part of the European balance of power system before WWI.
135631998	Balkan nationalism	Movements to create independent states and reunite ethnic groups in the Balkans; provoked crises within the European alliance system that ended with the outbreak of WWI.
135631999	Industrial Revolution	Series of changes in economy of Western nations between 1740 and 20th century; stimulated by rapid population growth, increase in agricultural productivity, commercial revolution in 17th century, devolpment of new means of transportation; in essence involved technological change and the application of machines to the process of production.
135632000	Age of Revolution	Period of political upheaval beginning roughly with the American Revolution in 1775 and continuing through the French Revolution of 1789 and other movements for change up to 1848.
135632001	Nationalism	Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe; often allied with other "isms"; urged importance of national unity; valued a collective unity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin.
135632002	Conservative	Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; opposed revolutionary goals; advocated restoration of monarchy and defense of the church.
135632003	Imperialism	The policy of expanding national territory through colonization and conquest.
135632004	Sepoys	Indian troops, trained in European style, serving the French and British.
135632005	Raj	The British political establishment in India.
135632006	Plassey (1757)	Battle between the troops of the British East India Company and an Indian army under Siraj-ud-daula, ruler of Bengal; British victory gave them control of Northeast India.
135632007	Robert Clive	Architect of British victory at Plassey; established foundations of the Raj in northern India.
135632008	Presidencies	Three districts that comprised the bulk of British-ruled territories in India during the early 19th century; capitals at Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay.
135632009	Princely states	Ruled by Indian princes allied with the Raj; agents of the East India Company were stationed at their courts to ensure loyalty.
135766325	Nabobs	Name given to Britons who went to India to make fortunes through graft and exploitation; returned to Britain to live richly. (Similar to carpetbaggers)
135766326	Charles Cornwallis	British official who reformed East India Company corruption during the 1790's.
135766327	Isandhlwana (1879)	Zulu defeat of a British army; one of the few indigenous victories over 19th-century European armies.
135766328	Tropical dependencies	Western Europe possessions in Africa, Asia, and the South Pacific where small numbers of Europeans ruled large indigenous populations.
135766329	White dominions	A type of settlement colony, such as those in North America and Australia, where European settlers made up the majority of the population.
135766330	Settler colonies	Colonies, such as those in South Africa, New Zealand, Algeria, Kenya, and Hawaii, where minority European populations lived among majority indigenous peoples.
135766331	White racial supremacy	Belief in the inherent superiority of whites over the rest of humanity; peaked in the period before WWI.
135766332	Great Trek	Migration into the South Africa interior of thousands of Afrikaners seeking to escape British control.
135766333	Boer republics	Independent states-Orange Free State and Transvaal-established during the 1850s in the South African interior by Afrikaners/
135766334	Cecil Rhodes	British entrepreneur in South Africa; manipulated political situations to gain entry to the diamonds and gold discovered in the Boer republics.
135766335	Boer War (1899-1902)	Fought between the British and Afrikaners; British victory and postwar policies left the African population of South Africa under Afrikaner control.
135766336	James Cook	His voyages to Hawaii from 1777 to 1779 opened the islands to the West.
135766337	Kamehameha	Hawaiian prince; with British backing he created a unified kingdom by 1810; promoted the entry of Western ideas in commerce and social relations.
135766338	Great Mahele	Hawaiian edict issued in 1848 that imposed Western property concepts that resulted in much Hawaiian land passed to Western commercial interests.
135766339	Ram Mohum Roy	Western-educated Indian leader, early 19th century; cooperated with British to outlaw sati.
135766340	Natal	British colony in South Africa; developed after Boer trek north from Cape Colony; major commercial outpost of Durban.
135766341	Nationalism	Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe; often allied with other "isms"; urged importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin.