AP Psychology Ch.2
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| 128111273 | All-or-none principle | The fact that neurons fire down the complete length of the cell if a sufficient level of excitatory impulses are received | |
| 128111274 | Soma | The cell body containing the nucleus | |
| 128111275 | Neurotransmitters | Chemicals present in the brain that allow for message transmission among nerve cells | |
| 128111276 | Endorphins | Brain chemicals that moderate pain messages and produce feelings of pleasure | |
| 128111277 | Neurons | Nerve cells | |
| 128111278 | Dendrite | Fibers extending out from the soma of a neuron; receive incoming messages from adjoining neurons | |
| 128111279 | Motor neurons | Neurons in the peripheral nervous system that transport messages from spinal cord to muscles and glands | |
| 128111280 | Nodes of Ranvier | Tiny gaps within the myelin sheath covering a nerve cell; may help speed impulses | |
| 128111281 | Synapse | The connection between neurons where neural message becomes chemical (carried by neurotransmitters) | |
| 128111282 | Axon | The part of the neuron conducting messages down the length of the cell toward connections with other neurons; usually the longest part of a neuron | |
| 128111283 | Myelin sheath | A fatty protective layer that covers the axons of some nerve cells and helps speed transmission of neural impulses | |
| 128111284 | Hormones | Chemical secretions from the endocrine system that regulate many body functions | |
| 128111285 | Sensory neurons | Neurons that receive messages from sensory receptors and transmit that information to the spinal cord | |
| 128111286 | Terminal buttons | Knobs on the ends of axon terminal branches that contain neurotransmitters | |
| 128111287 | Receptor site | Locations on neurons receiving incoming messages; neurotransmitters fit into these sites | |
| 128111288 | Nerve | A number of axon fibers that are bunched together and relay neural information | |
| 128111289 | *Dendrites* | The part of the neuron that receives incoming messages is the__________. | |
| 128111290 | *Myelin Sheath* | Axons are often covered with a layer called the__________ that contain the nodes of Ranvier. This is also the area that is attacked by the disease multiple sclerosis. | |
| 128111291 | *Dendrites; Terminal Buttons* | Transmission of a neural impulse travels from__________ at the receiving end of the cell to__________ at the other end of the cell (which will transmit message to adjoining cells). | |
| 128111292 | *Synapse* | Nerual messages become chemical in nature and are transmitted by neurotransmitters across the__________. | |
| 128111293 | *Motor Neurons* | __________ carry messages away from the spinal cord and brain. | |
| 128111294 | *Depolarization* | When a cell is stimulated, positively charged sodium ions rush in, causing the area to become less negatively charged. This process is called__________. | |
| 128111295 | *Endorphins* | The neurotransmitter that acts as a painkiller are__________. | |
| 128111296 | Autonomic nervous system | A part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates bodily processes such as breathing, heart rate, and digestion | |
| 128111297 | Spinal reflex | An immediate response to external stimuli directed at the level of the spinal cord | |
| 128111298 | Parasympathetic nervous system | A part of the peripheral nervous system that works in tandem with the sympathetic nervous system to restore the body's energy sources once they have been depleted | |
| 128111299 | Peripheral nervous system | A branch of the human nervous system that includes all components except the brain and spinal cord | |
| 128111300 | Spinal cord | Nerves that form the connections between the brain and the peripheral nervous system and are encased in the spine | |
| 128111301 | Somatic nervous system | The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary movements | |
| 128111302 | Central nervous system | The part of the human nervous system that encompasses the brain and the spinal cord | |
| 128111303 | Sympathetic nervous system | A branch of the autonomic nervous system that helps an organism respond to demands the organism faces from the envirenment | |
| 128111304 | *Somatic* | The__________ nervous system is made up of sensory and motor neurons. | |
| 128111305 | *Somatic; Autonomic* | The peripheral nervous system has two divisions, the__________ and__________. | |
| 128111306 | *Sympathetic* | The__________ part of your nervous system would be activated if you were walking down the street and realized that a truck was headed straight for you. | |
| 128111307 | Reticular formation | A network of neurons involved in regulating attention, alertness, and arousal | |
| 128111308 | Limbic system | A set of structures in the brain especially involved in the experience of emotion | |
| 128111309 | Occipital lobes | The lobes at the back of the head that process visual stimuli | |
| 128111310 | Medulla | The part of the hindbrain involved in regulating vital life functions | |
| 128111311 | Frontal lobes | The lobes located at the top and front of the brain, most involved in higher-order functions | |
| 128111312 | Cerebrum | The portion of the forebrain divided into two hemispheres | |
| 128111313 | Hippocampus | The part of the limbic system most involved in the formation of memories | |
| 128111314 | Hypothalamus | A brain structure in the limbic system involved in many functions, including sexual reproduction, emotional reactions, and maintaining internal body temperature | |
| 128111315 | Parietal lobes | Lobes located in the upper back of the head; process information relating to touch, pressure, external temperature | |
| 128111316 | Amygdala | One compnent of the limbic system; particularly involved in the experiences of fear, aggression | |
| 128111317 | Thalamus | A forebrain structure that relays information on to different parts of the brain | |
| 128111318 | Temporal lobes | Lobes located on the sides of the head near the ear; primary function involves processing speech, sound | |
| 128111319 | Cerebral cortex | The outer covering of the cerebrum | |
| 128111320 | Cerebellum | A brain structure located in the back of the head; vital for balance and coordination | |
| 128111321 | *Corpus Callosum* | The part of the brain that joins the cerebral hemispheres is the__________. | |
| 128111322 | *Limbic System* | The amygdala, hippocampus, and parts of the thalamus and hypothalamus make up the__________. | |
| 128111323 | *Temporal* | The__________ lobe of the brain is responsible for hearing. | |
| 128111324 | *Cerebral Cortex* | The__________ makes up 80% of the brain's total mass. | |
| 128111325 | EEG (electroencephalograph) | Equipment that measures brain waves | |
| 128111326 | Electrical recording | Electrodes in brain reveal brain changes | |
| 128111327 | PET (positron emission tomography) scan | Used to see the results of a radioactive isotope tracer | |
| 128111328 | CT (computed tomography) scan | Measures the reflection of an X-ray beam | |
| 128111329 | Electrical stimulation | Passing a mild current through the brain | |
| 128111330 | MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) | Measures atoms as they realign | |
| 128111331 | *CT Scan* | A__________ is a brain research technique involving the use of X-rays. | |
| 128111332 | Split-brain patients | Individuals for whom the corpus callosum has been severed due to brain illness | |
| 128111333 | Wernicke's area | A part of the brain, located on the temporal lobe, utilized in the processing of the meanings of speech | |
| 128111334 | Lateralization | Where the brain hemispheres have specialized with different functions | |
| 128111335 | Plasticity | The ability of other brain cells to take over functions of damaged or destroyed brain tissue | |
| 128111336 | Prefrontal cortex | The part of the brain in front of the motor cortex; involved in judgments, reasoning, and decision-making | |
| 128111337 | Aphasia | Loss or impairment of language function | |
| 128111338 | Broca's area | A part of the brain involved in the production of speech; located on the frontal lobe | |
| 128111339 | Stroke | When brain tissue has been damaged due to cerebral bleeding or a blockage | |
| 128111340 | Concussion | When brain tissue has been damaged due to a blow to the head | |
| 128111341 | Epilepsy | A neurological disorder involving tremendous bursts of electrical activity in the brain | |
| 128111342 | Laceration | Injury to the brain or other part of the body due to being cut and pierced | |
| 128111343 | *On most tasks, the two hemispheres work together.* | A correct statement about brain lateralization. | |
| 128111344 | *Healthy brain cells may eventually assume some of lost functions.* | Why is there some hope for recovery after strokes or other brain damage? | |
| 128111345 | *He will be unable ever to function effectively.* | An individual suffers from a severe brain disease, and as a last resort physicians sever the corpus callosum. What is a false statement concerning the characteristics of the patient after surgery? | |
| 128111346 | Endocrine system | A system for regulating activities in the body by means of glandular secretions | |
| 128111347 | Diabetes | A medical condition resulting when the pancreas produces insufficient amounts of the hormone insulin | |
| 128111348 | Adrenal gland | Glands in the body that secrete stress hormones | |
| 128111349 | Ovaries | Female reproductive gonads that secrete estrogen and produce egg cells | |
| 128111350 | Thyroid gland | Regulates body metabolism; different hormone levels associated with differing behavioral characteristics | |
| 128111351 | Germ cells | The cells that unite to create a new human organism | |
| 128111352 | Pancreas | An organ in the body that regulates blood sugar concentration | |
| 128111353 | Pineal gland | Releases serotonin; involved in sleep-wake cycles | |
| 128111354 | Pituitary gland | The "master gland"--secretes hormones that impact the functioning of other glands | |
| 128111355 | Gonads | Glands related to sexual characteristics and the processes involved in reproduction | |
| 128111356 | Homeostasis | A balanced internal body state | |
| 128111357 | Testes | Male reproductive gonads that secrete testosterone and produce sperm | |
| 128111358 | PMS (premenstrual syndrome) | A period of psychological and hormonal changes that occur a few days before the onset of the menstrual cycle | |
| 128111359 | *Endocrine* | An effective communication system within the body, the__________ system utlizes the secretion of chemicals (hormones). | |
| 128111360 | *Hypothalamus* | Hormones that promote muscle development are secreted by the__________. | |
| 128111361 | *Homeostasis* | __________ is when the quantity of chemicals secreted is equaled by the quantity of chemicals absorbed. | |
| 128111362 | Phenotype | An organism's observable traits | |
| 128111363 | Identical twins | Twins produced when one fertilized egg splits | |
| 128111364 | Adoptee studies | Compairing adopted children with biological and adoptive parents | |
| 128111365 | Genotype | Underlying set of instructions determining organism's possible characteristics | |
| 128111366 | DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | The chemicals within chromosomes that determine genetic heritage | |
| 128111367 | Zygote | A single-celled organism resulting from the union of an egg and a sperm | |
| 128111368 | Concordance rates | The percentage of cases where both twins share the same trait or disorder | |
| 128111369 | Genes | Basic units of heredity; composed of DNA | |
| 128111370 | Polygenic traits | The genetic source for many psychological characteristics | |
| 128111371 | Fraternal twins | Twins who develop from different eggs fertilized by different sperm; no more genetically alike than other siblings | |
| 128111372 | Chromosomes | Long strands of genetic instructions found in the nuclei of cells | |
| 128111373 | Familial association studies | Genetic commonality is compared with exhibited traits | |
| 128111374 | Twin studies | Investigating behavioral similarities between twins |