AP Psych Fall Semester Flashcards

121746632	Psychology	study of behavior and mental processes	0
121746633	Dualist	believe that the body and soul were separate	1
121746634	Monists	believe that the body and soul were one	2
121746635	William Wundt	1879, 1st recognized psychological experiment Time lapse between hearing ball hit platform and pressing telegraph key	3
121746636	Introspection	used to analyze the mind's structural elements	4
121746637	Functionalism	consciousness developed as necessity of survival; how the mind functions to help us adapt and survive Based on Darwin's Natural Selection (evolution of mental processes through natural selection)	5
121746638	Neuroscience	body and brain's influence on mental processes and behavior	6
121746639	Evolutionary	evolution influences genetic development...	7
121746640	Behavioral Genetics	genes and environment influence individual differences	8
121746641	Psychodynamic	behavior springs from unconscious drives, conflicts	9
121746642	Hindsight Bias	"I knew it all along"	10
121746643	Intuition	"Trust the Force within"	11
121746644	Overconfidence	Tend to be more confident than correct	12
121746645	Critical Thinking	Examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, and evaluates evidence	13
121746646	Theory	an explanations using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations	14
121746647	Hypothesis	a testable prediction, often implied by a theory	15
121746648	Operational Definitions	A description of the specific procedure used to determine the presence of a variable (a smile indicates happiness)	16
121746649	Correlational Methods	Cause and effect relationship, not causation	17
121746650	Case Studies	observation technique, one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles Con: Anecdotal Studies	18
121746651	Survey	self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, questioning a representative, random sample of people Con: wording can impact the effectiveness of the survey	19
121746652	Samples	the larger the sample size the more likely to represent the whole	20
121746653	Random Assignments	representative sampling which is equally available to participants (ex. Computer generated list of every 5th person)	21
121746654	Naturalistic Observations	observe subjects in their natural habitats w/o interacting w/ them Con: control is sacrificed	22
121746655	Observer Effect	changes in behavior due to awareness of a person or animal being observed	23
121746656	Observer Bias	observer sees what they expect to see or record only selected details	24
121746657	Anthropomorphic Fallacy	attributing human thoughts, feelings, or motives to animals, especially as a way of explaining their behavior	25
121746658	Self-Fulfilling Prophecy	prediction that leads people to act in ways to make the prediction come true	26
121746659	False Consensus Effect	tendency to overestimate other's agreement with us	27
121746660	Experiment	manipulates a factor to determine its effect	28
121746661	Correlational Studies	uncover naturally occurring relationships	29
121746662	Experimental Group	group that receives treatment	30
121746663	Control Group	group that does not receive the treatment (placebo)	31
121746664	Independent Variable	the factor manipulated (the cause)	32
121746665	Dependent Variable	behavior or mental process that is measured in response to the experiment (the effect)	33
121746666	Confounding Variables	any difference b/t the experimental group and control which affect the outcome (time, place, frequency, etc.)	34
121746669	Other Variables	Control	35
121746670	Valid	measures what the researcher set out to measure and is accurate	36
121746671	Replication	measures reliability (ability to produce same results repeated times)	37
121746672	Central Studies	a single score which represents a whole set of scores	38
121746673	Mean	Average (most easily distorted by extreme scores)	39
121746674	Median	Middle value, Most representative	40
121746675	Mode	Most frequently occurring score	41
121746676	Range	Measure of variability, Difference b/t the highest and lowest scores	42
121746677	Standard Deviation	Measure of variability, How much values differ from the average score, Bell curve	43
121746678	"Modern psychology views each individual as a biopsychosocial system."	Biological states, and psychological states both affect, and the impact of your environment, biological predispositions, and nurturing	44
121746679	"Everything psychological is simultaneously biological."	Our thought processes, emotions, behavior have a partial biological influence	45
121746680	Neuron (Nerve Cell)	basic unit info. Processing, building block of the brain (and nervous system)	46
121746681	Dendrite	receives messages	47
121746682	Axon	sends messages surface is selectively permeable inside ___ is negative charged outside __ is positively charged	48
121746683	Myelin Sheath	protects axon, speeds up transmission when it wears out: Alzheimer's, Multiple Sclerosis	49
121746684	cell body	stores proteins to nourish transmission	50
121746685	Action Potential	neural impulse it is stimulated when neuron receives signal of heat, pressure or light it is generated by movement of positively charged atoms in and out of the axon's membrane	51
121746686	Threshold	all or nothing response in the action potential	52
121746687	Reputake	extra neurotransmitters are sent back to the receptor site	53
121746688	Synapses	gap between the axon tip of sending neuron and dendrite or cell body of receiving neuron	54
121746689	Synaptic Gap	The gap between the axon tip of synapses	55
121746690	Ions	Neurons generate energy from them Resting potential	56
121746691	Neurotransmitters	chemical messengers which cross synaptic gap b/t neurons	57
121746692	Receptor Sites	"lock and key"	58
121746693	Acetylcholine	muscle action, learning and memory when fails Alzheimer's occurs	59
121746694	Dopamine	perceptual awareness, muscle control when fails Schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease occur	60
121746695	Serotonin	sleep, eating, mood Depression, Prozac raises serotonin levels	61
121746696	Norepinephrine	mood Bipolar disorder, mania, depression	62
121746697	Endorphins	pain control and pleasure "runners high" Natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters	63
121746698	Agonists	excite, mimic neurotransmitter signal	64
121746699	Antagonists	block, inhibit neurotransmitter signal	65
121746700	Nervous System	Body's electrochemical communication system	66
121746701	Central Nervous System	brain and spinal cord	67
121746702	Peripheral Nervous System	sensory and motor neurons connect the CNS to the rest of the body	68
121746703	Afferent Neurons	sensory, incoming info from sense receptors	69
121746704	Efferent Neurons	motor, outgoing info from CNS to muscles and glands	70
121746705	Interneurons	CNS neurons that internally communicate, process afferent and efferent neurons (most complex)	71
121746706	Reflexes	don't require the brain's involvement	72
121746707	Spinal Reflex	autonomic, brain isn't involved	73
121746708	Pain Reflex	simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus	74
121746709	Endocrine System	Produces hormones, Growth, mood, metabolism, reproduction, Slower than CNS	75
121746710	Pituitary Gland	growth, and release of hormones	76
121746711	Adrenal Gland	heart rate, blood sugar, blood pressure	77
121746712	Brainstem	automatic survival functions	78
121746713	Medulla	heartbeat and breathing	79
121746714	Reticular Formation	arousal and sleep	80
121746715	Pons	coordinate movement	81
121746716	Thalamus	sensory switchboard	82
121746717	Cerebellum	coordinate voluntary movement and balance	83
121746718	Limbic System	Emotions: fear and aggression, food and sex Hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus	84
121746719	Right Hemisphere	Spatial Creative	85
121746720	Left Hemisphere	Language and Logic	86
121746721	Cerebral Cortex	ultimate control and info. processing center	87
121746722	Glial Cells	support, nourish and protect neurons	88
122068807	Frontal Lobe	speaking and muscle movement, judgment and logic	89
122068808	Parietal Lobe	sensory cortex, touch	90
122068809	Occipital Lobe	visual info. opposite visual field	91
122068810	Temporal Lobe	hearing, auditory areas	92
122068811	Motor Cortex	voluntary movement	93
122068812	Sensory Cortex	registers and processes body sensations	94
122068813	Broca's Area	making speech	95
122068814	Wernicke's Area	language comprehension and expression	96
122068815	Aphasia	language impairment	97
122068816	Corpus Callosum	carries messages b/t hemispheres	98
122068817	Split Brain	See what is in left hemisphere field of vision (right) verbalize Point to word in the right hemisphere field of vision (left)	99
122068818	Chromosomes	are composed of genes	100
122068819	DNA	are composed of genes	101
122068820	Gene Complexes	many genes acting in concert	102
122068821	Genes	influence physical make-up, intelligence, aggressiveness, happiness	103
122068822	Types of Twins	Identical (monozygotic) Fraternal (dizygotic)	104
122068823	Bouchard's Minnesota Twins Study	Identical twins separated at birth and raised in different environments tended to share striking similarities in personality equals nature!	105
122068824	Heritability	Extent to which difference between individuals can be attributed to genes	106
122068825	Evolutionary Psychology	Adaptation for survival / For the most part, explains our similarities (common adaptations that enhanced survival)	107
122068826	Gender Differences	in sexual behavior, attitudes (evolutionary argument of relational vs. recreational)	108
122068827	Rosenzweig and Krech rat studies	Early stimulation critical to neurological development	109
122068828	Neonatal Massage	for premature human births Values, manners, faith/religion, political views, and social views	110
122068829	Evolutionary Psychology	natural selection shapes our behavior, and thinking (over time)	111
122068830	Pruning	neural connections, "If you don't use it, you lose it."	112
122068831	Parents Influence	education, discipline, responsibility, orderliness, charitableness, dealing with authority	113
122068832	Peers Influence	cooperation, popularity, styles of interaction	114
122068833	Zygote	fertilized egg	115
122068834	Teratogens	toxic substances which can harm baby during prenatal development	116
122068835	FAS	mental retardation, poor motor coordination, impaired attention, hyperactivity	117
122068836	Rooting (Newborn Reflex)	open mouth when touched on cheek	118
122068837	Grasping (Newborn Reflex)	grasp anything when put in hand	119
122068838	Sucking (Newborn Reflex)	rhythmic sucking when mouth is touched	120
122068839	Moro (Newborn Reflex)	if startled baby will making hugging motion	121
122068840	Schema	concepts which are developed over time, First impression	122
122068841	Piaget	Cognitive Development	123
122068846	Assimilation (Sensorimotor) (Piaget)	apply same concept to all things generally similar	124
122068847	Accommodation (Sensorimotor) (Piaget)	adapting schemas to incorporate new info.	125
122068848	Theory of Mind (Preoperational) (Piaget)	understand another's perspective, infer other's feelings, understand joke of tricks played on another	126
122068849	Criticisms (Piaget)	Stages more continuous Ages INACCURATE	127
122068850	Harlow's Monkey's	Disproved attachment theory, nourishment is not the only way an infant develops an attachment Secure attachment and insecure attachment	128
122068851	Authoritarian (Parenting Styles)	impose rules and expect obedience, strict	129
122068852	Permissive (Parenting Styles)	few demands, little punishment	130
122068853	Authoritative (Parenting Styles)	demanding and responsive, provide explanations, open discussions, and exceptions	131
122068854	Kohlberg	Moral Development	132
122068855	Postconventional Level (Kohlberg)	(self-defined morality) Morality of abstract principles; to affirm agreed-upon rights and personal ethical principles	133
122068856	Conventional Level (Kohlberg)	(Early adolescence) Morality of law and social rules; to gain approval or avoid disapproval	134
122068857	Preconventional Level (Kohlberg)	(Up to age 9) Morality of self-interest; to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards	135
122068858	Criticisms (Kohlberg)	made by Carol Gilligan, she said he only studied boys, women and men have different types of morality	136
122068859	Erikson	Psychosocial Development	137
122068868	Sensation	what we sense and send to the brain Bottom-up Processing	138
122068869	Perception	what the brain does with the sensory info. Top-Up Processing	139
122068870	Prosopagnosia	"face blindness" Complete sensation but incomplete perception	140
122068871	Absolute Threshold	minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time	141
122068872	Difference Threshold	minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time (JND- just noticeable difference)	142
122068873	Subliminal	stimulus below ones absolute threshold for conscious awareness- subconscious	143
122068874	Weber's Law	two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage, AKA different threshold is a ratio	144
122068875	Sensory Adaptation	diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation	145
122068876	Transduction (Vision)	conversion of one form of energy to another	146
122068877	Accommodation (Vision)	lens changes to help focus objects on the retina	147
122068878	Optic Nerve (Vision)	rope-like axons fro ganglion cells, carries info from eye to the brain	148
122068879	Blind Spot	A spot where you can't see	149
122068880	Fovea	central point in the retina, where the cones cluster	150
122068881	Parallel Processing	simultaneous processing of several aspects of visual stimulus (different parts of cortex integrate all info at once to form perception)	151
122068882	Tri-chromatic Theory	red, green, blue	152
122068883	Opponent Process Theory	opposing retinal processes enable color vision ("ON" & "OFF")	153
122068884	Frequency	number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time	154
122068885	Pitch	High frequency= high pitch/ low frequency = low pitch	155
122068886	Outer Ear	Channels sounds wave through auditory canal to eardrum	156
122068887	Middle Ear	Vibrations pass through piston (hammer, anvil, stirrup) piston concentrates vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window	157
122068888	Eardrum	basilar membrane converts wave to vibrations (in the middle Ear)	158
122068889	Cochlea	converts vibrations into neural activity (vibration = ripples in basilar membrane fluid (in the Inner Ear)	159
122068890	Inner Ear	Bending hair cells = auditory neural impulse	160
122068891	Place Theory	specific places along basilar membrane match a tone with a particular pitch	161
122068892	Frequency Theory	rate of sound wave = rate of neural impulses to the brain	162
122068893	Conduction Hearing Loss	caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound wave to the cochlea	163
122068894	Nerve Hearing Loss	damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerve	164
122068895	Tinnitus	damage to auditory ear (ring in ears)	165
122068896	Cochlear Implants	stimulates sites on auditory nerve for those w/ nerve deafness	166
122068897	Pressure	only sensation identifiable with skin receptors	167
122068898	Pain	"no brain, no pain"	168
122068899	Gate-Control Theory	Small nerve fibers open gate, large nerve fibers close gate	169
123678402	Taste Sensations	Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, Umami (meaty)	170
123678403	Sensory Interaction	one sense may influence another	171
123678404	Synaesthesia	joining of senses, one sense stimulates another	172
123678405	Place Theory Outdate for Tongue	Taste is comprehensive all over tongue	173
123678406	Smell	Olfaction (sense of _____)	174
123678407	Kinesthesis	sensing position and movement of individual body parts	175
123678408	Vestibular Sense	sense of balance	176
123678409	Inner Ear	semicircular canals, vestibular sacs = fluid = hair-like receptors = impulse to cerebellum	177
123678410	Sleep Stage 1	Few minutes only experience it once Theta waves, "hallucinations"	178
123678411	Sleep Stage 2	More theta waves Sleep spindles, short bursts of rapid brain waves	179
123678412	Sleep Stage 3 and 4	intro. To deep sleep Slow wave sleep Delta waves Restoring body's growth hormones Genital arousal	180
123678413	Sleep REM	Paradoxical sleep Very active brain Dreams usually occur in REM Essentially paralyzed Rapid heart rate and breathing	181
123678414	Insomnia	persistent problems falling asleep	182
123678415	Narcolepsy	Sleeplessness and may fall asleep at unpredictable or inappropriate times, directly into REM	183
123678416	Sleep Apnea	stops breathing while sleeping	184
123678417	Night Terrors	wake up screaming and have no idea why	185
123678418	Somnambulism	sleep walking (stage 4)	186
123678419	Manifest Content	storyline	187
123678420	Latent Content	underlying meaning	188
123678421	Activation-Synthesis Theory	cerebral cortex is trying to interpret random electrical activity we have while sleeping	189
123678422	Info-Processing Theory	dreams are a way to deal with the stresses of everyday life	190
123678423	Hypnosis	Social interaction between one person who suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, and thoughts will spontaneously occur	191
123678424	Role Theory (Hypnosis)	not altered state of consciousness Social phenomenon	192
123678425	State Theory (Hypnosis)	is altered state of consciousness Dramatic health benefits Works best on pain	193
123678426	Dissociation Theory (Hypnosis)	We voluntarily divide our consciousness up	194
123678427	Tolerance	when a drug is used often enough	195
123678428	Neuroadaptation	brain adapts chemistry to offset drug's effect	196
123678429	Pavlov	classical conditioning Stimuli	197
123678430	US (Unconditioned Stimulus)	unlearned (food)	198
123678431	UR (Unconditioned Reinforcement)	Salvation	199
123678432	NS (Neutral Stimulus)	bell paired with the food to form association	200
123678433	CS (Conditioned Stimulus)	bell	201
123678434	Acquisition	learning, respond to CS w/o US	202
123678435	Extinction	to unlearn behavior, present CS w/o US	203
123678436	Spontaneous Recovery	reappearance of CR upon presentation of CS	204
123678437	Renewal Effect	reappearance of CR after extinction when returning to environment where acquisition took place	205
123678438	Generalization	stimulus similar to CS elicits a CR	206
123678439	Discrimination	distinguish b/t various stimuli	207
123678440	Watson	aversive conditioning	208
123678441	Second/higher order conditioning	CS elicits a CR, the CS can be used to condition a response to a new stimulus (Bell paired w/ light)	209
123678442	Skinner	operant conditioning Consequences	210
123678443	Reinforcement	consequence that increase likelihood of behavior	211
123678444	Positive Reinforcement	adds something pleasant	212
123678445	Negative Reinforcement	removes something unpleasant	213
123678446	Punishment	consequence that decreases likelihood of behavior	214
123678447	Negative Punishment	removes something pleasant omission training	215
123678448	Positive Punishment	adds something negative	216
123678449	Shaping	reinforcing the steps	217
123678450	Chaining	reinforcing a number of separate behaviors for a more complex activity	218
123678451	Primary Reinforcers	natural reinforcers	219
123678452	Secondary Reinforcers	learned to value	220
123678453	Reinforcement Schedules	pattern of reinforcing behavior	221
123678454	Fixed Ratio	reinforcement after set number of responses	222
123678455	Variable Ratio	reinforcement after varied number of responses	223
123678456	Fixed interval	fixed amount of time set before reward for behavior	224
123678457	Variable Interval	varied amount of time before reward	225
123678458	Prosocial Behavior	role modeling	226
123678459	Antisocial Behavior	bobo doll experiment	227
123678460	Latent Learning	("hidden") Learning that isn't directly observable Rats and varied rewards	228
123678461	Insight Learning	"aha" moment	229
123678462	Abstract Learning	higher order thinking (inferring relationships, complex problem solving)	230
123678463	Memory Process	encoding, storage, retrieval	231
123678464	Sensory Memory	immediate initial recording of sensory info. in memory system ("split second holding tank")	232
123678465	Iconic	(split second photograph) = 1 second	233
123678466	Echoic	(split second sound(s))= 3-4 seconds	234
123678467	Short Term Memory	also known as working memory 7 ; plus or minus 2	235
123678468	Long Term Memory	permanent, unlimited capacity	236
123678469	Encoding	Two ways: Automatic Effortful	237
123678470	Principles of Encoding	next-in-line effect, spacing effect, serial positioning effect (primacy and recency)	238
123678471	Encoding Strategies	mnemonic devices (Peg word, chunking, acronym, loci, keyword)	239
123678472	Long- Term Potentiation	leading theory on LTM: Neural connections gradually strengthen through rehearsal over time (neural networks, synapse)	240
123678473	Flashbulb Memory	emotionally charged memory (release of hormones)	241
123678474	Explicit (Types of LTM)	declarative (conscious), general knowledge(semantic), episodic memories	242
123678475	Implicit (Types of LTM)	nondeclarative (nonconscious) = procedural memories, classical and operant conditioning	243
123678476	Hippocampus	stores LTM, shelves for storage in areas of cerebral cortex	244
123678477	Amygdale	emotional memories (also sense of smell with memories)	245
123678478	Priming Effect	Strand of associations that primes or leads to a specific memory	246
123678479	Context Effect	To be in same context you experienced (encoded) something= better memory If studied in a library you would do better if you were to take the test in the library	247
123678480	Tip-of-The-Tongue Effect	Temporary inability to recall specific name or information.	248
123678481	Mood Congruent Theory	The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's mood	249
123678482	State Dependent Theory	Recalling events encoded while in a particular state of consciousness.	250
123678483	Storage Decay	Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve (3 days and then gradual decline)	251
123678484	Proactive Interference	New memories messed up by old memories	252
123678485	Retroactive Interference	Old memories messed up by new memories	253
123678486	Memory Construction	alter memory as encode or retrieve it	254
123678487	Misinformation Effect	language, wording of question effects our perception of memory	255
123678488	Source Amnesia	Can't remember source of memory (Where did I meet him?)	256
123678489	Anterograde Amnesia	(Post-accident amnesia) Can remember before the accident, but not after	257
123678490	Retrograde Amnesia	Can remember since the accident, but not before	258
123678491	Remember	Memories do NOT reside in a single specific spot of our brain	259