!AP Euro Unit 2

224967130	Avignon Papacy	"Babylonian Captivity", since 1307 the papacy lived in exile in France, greatly damaging the papacy
224967131	The Great Schism	Conflicting French and Italian popes forcing the nations of Europe to choose sides, 3 popes
224967132	The Conciliar Movement	A reform movement which stated that the authority of spiritual matters was held with the church itself, rather than the pope
224967133	Jan Hus	Translated the Bible into Czech and was burned at the stake for being a heretic
224967134	John Wycliffe	Translated Bible from Latin to English and caused a major religious uprising
224967135	The Modern Devotion	Religious movement to rediscover pious practices, opposing clergy
224967136	Erasmus	Wished to combine classical and Christian ideals
224967137	Pluralism	The holding of multiple church offices
224967138	Simony	The buying and selling of high church offices
224967139	Nepotism	The granting of offices to relatives
224967140	Absenteeism	Not residing in one's spiritual domain because one held multiple positions
224967141	Luther	Questioned not only the practices of the church but condemned it for teaching wrongly
224967142	Indulgences	The belief that a believer could remove all sins that a relative had commit to reduce the time in purgatory, sold to earn enough to beautify Rome
224967143	95 Theses	A condemnation of indulgences
224967144	Johann Tetzel	Seller of indulgences authorized by the church
224967145	Papal Bull	Issued by Leo X ordering Martin Luther's works be burned and Luther recant or be excommunicated. Luther publicly burns the letter.
224967146	Charles V	Elected emperor and received Spain, the Netherlands, Austria and Italy, very powerful
224967147	Francis I	French king of the Valois dynasty, sacked by Pope
224967148	Diet of Worms	Conference where Luther presented his views to Charles V and was banned from the church
224967149	Luther's Three Solas	Sola Scriptura- only Christian authority is Bible Sola Fide- salvation comes from faith alone Sola Gratia- salvation comes by the free gift of God's grace
224967150	The Peasants' War	"Peasants' revolt", the product of longstanding economic grievances and the new religious ideas
224967151	Diet of Speyer	The emperor agreed that each German territory was free to enforce the Edict of Worms (1521) against Luther
224967152	Diet of Augsburg	Assembly of Protestant and Catholic representatives to address growing religious division
224967153	Lutheran Confession of Augsburg	A moderate statement of Protestant beliefs that had been spurned by the Emperor at the Diet of Worms
224967154	Schmakaldic League	A powerful defensive alliance formed by German protestant lands as they prepared for war against the emperor
224967155	Peace of Augsburg	It improved the compromise formula Culus Regio, Elus Regillo ("Whose rule, his religious") to divide the Empire between Lutheran and Catholic areas
224967156	Calvin	Christian humanist who set up his reform movement in Switzerland and provided a boost for the reformation
224967157	Zwingli	Claimed to preach a reformed message prior to Luther and established a reform movement more radical in style in Zurich
224967158	Miguel Servetus	Executed in 1553 in Geneva at the encouragement of John Calvin for "blasphemies against the Holy Trinity"
224967159	Predestination	Doctrine at center of Calvin's faith, seeming to deny the existence of human free will
224967160	Institutes of Christian Religion	Calvin's great theological work, describing predestination as a doctrine only for mature Christians
224967161	Anabaptists	Believed membership in a Christian community was an adult choice
224967162	Münster	German city transformed into an Old Testament Theocracy
224967163	Henry VIII	Tolerated little opposition to Catholic Faith, "Defender of Faith", penned a response to Luther's attack of sacraments
224967164	Catherine of Aragon	Married Henry VIII, had many miscarriages and Henry, receiving no male heir, divorced her
224967165	Anne Bolyn	One of Catherine's lady's in waiting Henry took a fancy to her and broke away from the Catholic church just to divorce Catherine, but in the end, she was beheaded
224967166	Cranmer and Cromwell	Political and religious advisors to King Henry VIII
224967167	Submission of Clergy	Placed canon law under royal control and thereby clergy under royal jurisdiction
224967168	Oath of Supremacy	Only the King is above all
224967169	Six Articles	Rules for clergy to not step out of line
224967170	Paul III	Pope who called council of Trent and appointed a reform commission
224967171	Council of Trent	Met over the course of 18 years to reassert church doctrine
224967172	Ignatius of Loyola	Leader of Jesuits, believed daily religious exercise would bring you close to God
224967173	Jesuits	Most successful counter-reformation group
224967174	Baroque Art	Presented life in a grandiose 3-D display of raw energy
225042219	Wars of Religion	French wars of Protestant and Catholic religions (1562-1570)
225042220	Philip II	Heir to Habsburg kingdom, very powerful and intelligent, catholic, strong political and military power
225042221	Cardinal Granville	Antoine Perrenot, head of special council in Netherlands, hope to check Protestant gains by internal church reforms
225042222	Duke of Alba	Was dispatched to the Netherlands to suppress revolt by Philip II
225042223	Council of Troubles (Blood)	A special court of justice that ruled over the Netherlands
225042224	Battle of Lepanto	(1571) Don John's fleet engaged Ottoman navy under Ali Pasha, battle over Mediterranean ending with Spanish victory
225042225	Division of Habsburg Empire	dynasty split between Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs
225042226	William of Orange, The Silent	Led opposition to Spanish overlords, placed political autonomy and well-being of Netherlands above religious creeds, member of council of State of Netherlands
225042227	Union of Arras	Compromise in between the southern provinces (1579), served cause of Counter-reformation
225042228	Union of Utrecht	Northern provinces formed compromise in response to Union of Arras
225042229	United Provinces	The provinces in the Union of Utrecht met and formally decided Philip no longer their ruler, but instead the French duke of Alencon
225042230	Twelve Years' Truce	Gave northern provinces virtual independence
225042231	Spanish Netherlands	began with Spanish king being a Habsburg and ended with French invasions
225042232	Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots	Very French and Catholic, established international French court culture in Scotland, executed by Elizabeth I
225042233	Spanish Armada	130 ships bearing 25000 sailors and soldiers set off for England from Spain, but English had stunning victory
225042234	Henry II	Established new measures against Protestants (Edict of Chateaubriand)
225042235	Catherine de Medici	Queen Mother, Catholic, but allied with Protestants, cunning, ruthless
225042236	Francis II/Charles IX	Only reigned one year because of illness and was a minor when King died, had many trusted advisors
225042237	Huguenots	Great number in France, powerful Protestant group
225042238	Admiral Coligny	leader of Huguenots in 1568, good military strategist, Charles IX's most trusted adviser
225042239	Henry III	sought to steer a middle course in between Huguenots and a radical Catholic League
225042240	Henry of Bourbon/Henry of Navarre/ Henry IV of France	Huguenot, enacted Edict of Nantes, King of France
225229482	Guise Family	(Catholic League) powerful French Family dominant in Eastern France, could control kings, name associated with militant, reactionary Catholicism
225229483	St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre	(August 22, 1572) Coligny was shot but not killed (Catherine behind plot), 20000 Huguenots were killed by French Military across France
225229484	Politiques	Rulers tended to subordinate theological doctrine to political unity, urging tolerance, moderation, and compromise in religious matters
225229485	Resistance Theory	beliefs taken up by Protestants influenced by books
225229486	"Paris is well worth a mass"	-Henry IV after abandoning the Protestant faith and taking up traditional Catholic beliefs
225229487	Edict of Nantes	(1588) religious settlement that recognized minority rights but Catholicism was official religion
225229488	Elector Palatine (Frederick V)	Made Calvinism official religion of his domain
225229489	Protestant Union	Alliance that received support from Spain's 16th century enemies (France, England, and Netherlands), lead by Frederick V
225229490	Catholic League	organized bu Maximilian I to counter Protestant alliance
225229491	Maximilian of Bavaria	Established Catholic League, duke of Bavaria
225229492	4 Phases of War	-Bohemian (1618-1625)- war between Ferdinand and Protestants -Danish (1625-1629)- Christian IV invaded Germany to resist Protestantism -Swedish (1630-1635)- Gustavus Adolphus II, very Lutheran, good army, vs. Wallenstein -French (1635-1648)- killed 1/3 of German population, just for sake of warfare
225229493	"Defenestration of Prague"	Protestant nobility threw Ferdinand's regents out a window in response to the revocation of religious freedoms
225229494	Ferdinand II	Ferdinand of Habsburg, became Holy Roman Emperor in 1619, Bohemians hated him, declared Frederick V King
225229495	Christian IV, King of Denmark	Lutheran, eager to extend Danish influence, entered Germany, humiliated
225229496	Edict of Restitution	the ruler of a land determines official religion of land
225229497	Albrecht von Wallenstein	Powerful mercenary general who was paid by the emperor to fight for the HRE, he won many important battles against the Protestants.
225229498	Gustavus Adolphus	Very Lutheran controlled by French Minister Cardinal Richelieu and the Dutch, military genius
225229499	Peace of Westphalia	Ended Swedish-French war that killed 1/3 of Germany's population
225229500	Mary Stuart	Queen of Scots, devoutly Catholic, chased from Scotland (1560), accused of plot against cousin Queen Elizabeth, executed (1587), son James VI
225229501	Elizabeth I	Queen in 1558, Protestant, intelligent, powerful
225229502	Bloody Mary	(r. 1553-1558) Tudor, married Philip of Spain, Catholic, many Protestants killed, daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon
225229503	Babington plot	Plot against Elizabeth, cousin Mary Stuart accused of being behind it
225229504	Thirty-nine Articles	A revision of Thomas Cranmer's original 42, made a moderate Protestantism official religion of English church
225229505	Presbyterians	16th century Puritans, worked through Parliament to create alternative national church of semi-autonomous congregations governed by representative presbyteries
225229506	Congregationalists	Most extreme Puritans, wanted every congregation to be autonomous
225229507	Sir Francis Drake	Circumnavigated the globe between 1577 and 1580
225229508	Treaty of Nonsuch	An agreement between England and the Netherlands. England gave money and troops to Netherland in exchange for land. Philip saw this as a declaration of war by England, prompting the Spanish Armada.