Chapter 13: The Rise of a Mass Democracy

12416980	Corrupt Bargain of 1824	The election in which John Quincy Adams came into presidency over Andrew Jackson, after elections going to the House of Representatives and Adams making bargains with the speaker of the House, Henry Clay. P.257
12416981	John Quincy Adams	Candidate in the Corrupt Bargain of 1824, of Massachusetts, highly intelligent, experienced, and aloof; The Son of former president John Adams. P.257
12416982	Henry Clay	Candidate in the Corrupt Bargain of 1824, of Kentucky, the gamy and gallant "Harry of the West" P.257
12416983	William H. Crawford	Candidate in the Corrupt Bargain of 1824, of Georgia, an able though ailing giant of a man. P.257
12416984	Andrew Jackson	Candidate in the Corrupt Bargain of 1824, of Tennessee, the gaunt and gusty hero of New Orleans. P.257
12416985	Samuel Swartwout	was awarded the lucrative point post of collector of the customs of the part of New York. P.263
12416986	Tariff of 1828 (of Abominations)	Promoted by supporters of Jackson during Adam's Presidency as a means of harming his support in the North when it didn't pass, but it did pass and placed a 62% tariff on 92% of imported goods. It was created to protect American Industry (primarily in the Middle and Northern states.) P.263
12416987	Denmark Vesey/ Stono Rebellion	Led by this free black, an aborted slave rebellion in Charleston in 1833, and broke out due to a growing anxiety about possible federal interference with the institution of slavery. P.264
12416988	John C. Calhoun	one of the few topflight political theorists ever produced by America. (As vice president, he was forced to conceal his authorship..) P.264
12416989	Tariff of 1832	Although this tariff pared away the worst "abominations" of 1828, it was still frankly protective and fell far short of meeting southern demands. Worse yet, to many southerners it had a disquieting air of performance. Clay came up with a compromise bill which would gradually educe this tariff by about 10 percent over a period of 8 years, so that by 1842 the rates would be back at the mildly protective level of 1816. P.265
12416990	Tariff of 1833	Designed by Henry Clay to gradually reduce the tariff of 1832 by about 10 percent over a period of 8 years, so that by 1842 the rates would be back at the mildly protective level of 1816. P.265
12416991	The Force Bill	Known among Carolinians as the "Bloody Bill." (t authorized the president to use the army and navy, if necessary, to collect federal tariff duties. P.265
12416992	Society for Propagating the Gospel Among Indians	Founded in 1787, and many denominations sent missionaries into Indian villages; A society used to try to "civilize" Natives. P.266
12416993	Five Civilized Tribes	The tribes which were cooperative in learning the ways of the whites. They included the Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles. P.266
12416994	Cherokee Negotiation vs. State of Georgia	In 1828 the Georgia legislature declared the Cherokee tribal council illegal and asserted its own jurisdiction over Indian affairs and Indian lands. The Cherokees appealed this move to the Supreme Court, which thrice upheld the rights of the Indians. But President Jackson refused to recognize the Court's decisions. P.266-267
12416995	Indian Removal Act of 1830	Passed in 1830 providing for the transplanting of all Indian tribes then resident east of the Mississippi. P.267
12416996	Bureau of Indian Affairs	Established in 1836 to administer relations with America's original inhabitants. P.267
12416997	Trail of Tears	The U.S. Army forcibly removed about 15,000 Cherokees from their ancestral homelands in the southeastern U.S. and marched them to Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma). Freezing weather and inadequate food supplies led to unspeakable suffering, and some 4,000 Cherokees died on the 116-day journey. P.268
12416998	Seminole War	For seven years the Seminole Indians, joined by runaway black slaves, waged a bitter guerrilla war that took the lives of some fifteen hundred. Their spirit was broken in 1837, when the American field commander treacherously seized their leader, Osceola, under the flag of truce. The war dragged on for 5 more years, but the Seminole were defeated. P.268
12416999	Nicholas Biddle	The Bank of the United States' president who held an immense-and to many unconstitutional-amount of power over the nation's financial affairs. P.269
12417000	Bank War of 1832	Aroused when Daniel Webster and Henry Clay presented Congress with a bill to renew the Bank of the U.S.' charter. The charter was not set to expire until 1836, but Clay pushed for renewal four years early to make it an election issue in 1832. Jackson vetoed the renewal. P.269
12417001	Anti-Masonic Party	Opposed the influence and fearsome secrecy of the Masonic order. It became a potent political force in New York, and spread its influence throughout the middle Atlantic and New England states. They appealed to long-standing American suspicions of secret societies, which they condemned as citadels of privilege and monopoly. They were also an anti-Jackson party because Jackson himself was a Mason. P.271
12417002	Biddles Panic	Biddle called in his bank's loans, evidently hoping to illustrate the bank's importance by producing a minor financial crisis. A number of wobblier banks were driven to the wall with this, but Jackson's veto of the recharter of the Bank of the U.S. remained firm. P.272
12417003	Specie Circular	A decree that required all public lands to be purchased with "hard," or metallic, money. This slammed the brakes on the speculative boom, a neck-snapping change of direction that contributed to a financial panic and crash in 1837. P.272
12417004	Whigs	Jackson's opponents began to coalesce as this- a name deliberately chosen to recollect the 18th-century British and Revolutionary American opposition to the monarchy. Contained so many diverse elements that it was mocked at first as "an organized incompatibility." P.272
12417005	Martin Van Buren	Of New York, and Jackson's choice for "appointment" as his successor in 1836. He won with a comfortable margin of electoral votes against the Whigs. P.272-273
12417006	Divorce Bill	He championed the principle of "divorcing" the government from banking altogether. By establishing a so-called independent treasury, the government could lock its surplus money in vaults in several of the larger cities P.275
12417007	Independent Treasury Bill of 1840	Bill condemned by the Whigs because it squelched their hopes for a revived Bank of the United States, but it passed anyway in 1840, to be repealed the next year by the Whigs, and then reenacted in 1846 and then continued until merged with the Federal Reserve System in the next century. P.275
12417008	Stephen Austin	A new regime in Mexico City concluded arrangements in 1823 for granting a huge tract of land to this man with the understanding that he would bring into Texas 300 American families. Immigrants were to be of the established Roman Catholic faith and upon settlement were to become properly mexicanized, but these were all largely ignored. P.275-276
12417009	Sam Houston	An ex-governor of Tennessee, and a distinguished latecomer and leader of the Texas rebels. P.276-277
12417010	Santa Anna	The dictator of Mexico in Mexico City in 1833. P.276
12417011	The Alamo	Santa Anna trapped a band of nearly 200 pugnacious Texans in San Antonio; he wiped them out to a man after a 13 day siege. P.276
12417012	Goliad	A band of about 400 Mexicans surrounded and defeated American volunteers, having thrown down their arms, were butchered as "pirates." P.276
12417013	William Henry Harrison	Believed to be the Whig's ablest vote getter. He was known for his success against the Indians and the British at the Battles of Tippecanoe (1811) and Thames (1813). His views on issues were only vaguely known. P.280
12417014	John Tyler	Was selected as Harrison's vice-president running mate as an afterthought. P.281