Ch 9 Energy in a Cell

237015800	adenosine diphosphate	molecule formed from the breaking off of a phosphate group from ATP; results in a release of energy that is used for biological reactions
237015801	adenosine triphosphate	energy storing molecule in cells composed of an adenosine molecule, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups; energy is stored in the molecule's chemical bonds and can be used quickly & easily by cells
237015802	Calvin cycle	series of reactions during the light-independent phase of photosynthesis in which simple sugars are formed from carbon dioxide using ATP & hydrogen from the light dependent reactions
237015803	chlorophyll	light absorbing pigment in plants and some protists that is required for photosynthesis; absorbs most wavelengths of light except green
237015804	electron transport chain	series of proteins embedded in a membrane along which energized electrons are transported; as electrons are passed from molecule to molecule, energy is released
237015805	light-dependent reactions	phase of photosynthesis where light energy is converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP; results in the splitting of water and release of oxygen
237015806	light-independent reactions	phase of photosynthesis where energy form light dependent reactions is used to produced glucose and additional ATP molecules
237015807	NADP	electron carrier molecule; when carrying excited electrons it becomes NADPH
237015808	photolysis	reaction taking place in the thylakoid membranes of a chloroplast during light-dependent reactions where two molecules of water are split to form oxygen, hydrogen ions, and electrons
237015809	photosynthesis	process by which autotrophs, such as algae & plants, trap energy from sunlight with chlorophyll & use this energy to convert carbon dioxide & water into simple sugars
237015810	pigment	molecule that absorbs certain wavelengths of light
237015811	aerobic	Chemical reactions that require the presence of oxygen
237015812	alcoholic fermentation	anaerobic process in which cells convert pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol; carried out by many bacteria and fungi such as yeasts
237015813	anaerobic	Chemical reactions that do not require the presence of oxygen
237015814	cellular respiration	chemical process where mitochondria break down food molecules to produce ATP
237015815	citric acid cycle	in cellular respiration, series of chemical reactions that break down glucose and produce ATP; energizes electron carriers that pass the energized electrons on to the electron transport chain
237015816	glycolysis	in cellular respiration, series of ananerobic chemical reactions in the cytoplasm that breaks down glucose into pyruvic acid; forms a net profit of two ATP molecules
237015817	lactic acid fermentation	series of anaerobic chemical reactions in which pyruvic acid uses NADH to form lactic acid and NAD+, which is then used in glycolysis; supplies energy when oxygen for aerobic respiration is scarce