Chapter 7 Cognition

141517089	Language Acquisition Device (LAD)	according to Noam Chomsky, an innate mechanism or process in the brain that facilitates the learning of language., A biologically organized mental structure in the brain that facilitates the learning of language because (according to Chomsky) it is innately programmed with some of the fundamental rules of grammar.
141517090	Grammar	the rules of a language, specifying how to use words, morphemes, and syntax to produce understandable sentences
142553659	Phonemes	smallest units of sound in the human language, like consonants or vowels
142553660	Morphemes	smallest meaningful units of speech; simple words, suffixes, prefixes; examples: red, hot, calm, -ed, pre-
142553661	Overregularization	applying a grammatical rule too widely and creating incorrect forms
142553662	Concepts	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people based on experience
142553663	Natural Concepts	concepts people form as a result of their experiences in the real world
142553664	Artificial Concepts	Concepts defined by rules, such as word definition and mathematical formulas.
142553665	Concept Hierarchies	levels of concepts, from most general to most specific, in which a more general level includes more specific concepts
142553666	Schema	Grouping or cluster of knowledge about an object or sequence of events
142553667	Scripts	general descriptions of what occurs and when it occurs in a particular situation
142553668	Algorithims	step by step procedures that guarantee a solution
142553669	Heuristics	Cognitive strategies or "rules of thumb" used as shortcuts to solve complex mental tasks.
142553670	Mental Set	a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
142553671	Functional Fixedness	the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions and not for any other purpose
142553672	Hindsight Bias	the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it (Hindsight is 20/20)
142553673	Anchoring Bias	A faulty heuristic caused by basing (anchoring) an estimate on a completely unrelated quantity.
142553674	Representativeness Bias	Faulty heuristic strategy based on the presumption that once or people or events are categorized, they share all the features of other members in that category.
142553675	Availability Bias	A faulty heuristic strategy that estimates probabilities based on information that can be recalled form personal experience.
142553676	Aptitudes	The natural abilities that people possess
142553677	Creativity	the process of solving problems by combining ideas or behavior in new ways