AP Psych--Chapter 7

127629461	consciousness	our awareness of ourselves and our environment
127629462	biological rhythms	periodic physiological fluctuations
127629463	circadian rhythm	the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle
127629464	suprachiasmatic nucleus	a pair of pinhead-sized clusters of 20,000 cells that control the circadian clock
127629465	melatonin	secreted by the pineal gland; sleep-inducing hormone
127629466	REM sleep	rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur; also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active
127629467	alpha waves	the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state
127629468	sleep spindles	bursts of rapid, rhythmic brainwave activity during stage 2 sleep
127629469	EEG	an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measure by electrodes placed on the scalp
127629470	sleep	periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness--as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation
127629471	hallucinations	false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
127629472	delta waves	the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep
127629473	insomnia	recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
127629474	narcolepsy	a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks; the sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times
127629475	sleep apnea	a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings
127629476	somnambulism	sleepwalking
127629477	night terrors	a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, they occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered
127629478	dream	a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind; dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it
127629479	manifest content	according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content)
127629480	latent content	according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content); Freud believed that this functioned as a safety valve
127629481	REM rebound	the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)
127629482	hypnosis	a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
127629483	posthypnotic suggestion	a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, the be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized, used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors
127629484	dissociation	a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others
127629485	Ernest Hilgard	psychologist; studied hypnosis, hidden observer effect
127629486	psychoactive drug	a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood
127629487	tolerance	the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect
127629488	withdrawal	the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug
127629489	physical dependence	a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued
127629490	psychological dependence	a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions
127629491	addiction	compulsive drug craving and use
127629492	depressants	drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions
127629493	barbiturates	drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment
127629494	opiates	opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
127629495	stimulants	drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions
127629496	amphetamines	drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes
127629497	methamphetamine	a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels
127629498	ecstasy (MDMA)	a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen; produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition
127629499	hallucinogens	psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
127629500	LSD	a powerful hallucinogenic drug, also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide)
127629501	THC	the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations
127629502	near-death experience	an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations
127629503	dualism	the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact
127629504	monism	the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing
127629505	nonconscious	the level of consciousness devoted to processes completely unavailable to conscious awareness
127629506	preconscious	the level of consciousness in which thoughts and feelings are not conscious but are readily retrieveable to consciousness
127629507	subconscious	the level of consciousness just below our present awareness
127629508	unconscious	the level of consciousness that contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior
127629509	pineal gland	gland located in the center of the brain; secretes melatonin and serotonin
127629510	hypnic jerks	brief muscular contractions that occur as people fall aseep