AP Psych Chpt 10

20054847	cognition	the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
20054848	concept	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
20054849	prototype	a mental image or best example of a category.
20054850	algorithm	a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.
20054851	heuristic	a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.
20054852	insight	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.
20054853	confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions.
20054854	fixation	the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving.
20054855	mental set	a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.
20054856	functional fixedness	the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.
20054857	representativeness heuristic	judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information.
20054858	availability heuristic	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common.
20054859	overconfidence	the tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgements.
20145527	framing	the way an issue is poised; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements.
20145528	belief bias	the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid.
20145529	belief perseverance	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.
20145530	language	our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.
20145531	phoneme	in a language,the smallest distinctive sound unit.
20145532	morpheme	in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix).
20145533	grammar	in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.
20145534	semantics	the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning.
20145535	syntax	the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
20145536	babbling stage	beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.
20145537	one-word stage	the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.
20145538	two-word stage	beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements.
20145539	telegraphic speech	early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram - "go car" - using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words.
20145540	linguistic determinism	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.