Biology

96872106	pathogen	a disease-causing organism -bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, parasitic worms, prions (mad cow disease)
96872107	First Line of Defense	- physical and chemical barriers that prevent entry by pathogens - keep the foreign cells or molecules out of the body - always prepared, non specific
96872108	Second Line of Defense	- defensive cells and proteins and the inflammatory response - attack any foreign cell or molecule that enters the body - become active is the surface barriers are penetrated, non specific
96872109	Third Line of Defense	- immune response, which recognizes, destroys, and remembers the particular microbe encountered - Destroy the specific type of foreign cell or molecule that enters the body
96872110	Virulence	measure of pathogenicity, a quantitative concept
96872111	Physical Barriers	skin (keratin protein) and mucous membranes
96872112	Chemical Barriers	sweat, oil, mucous membranes lining the digestive and respiratory passages, hydrochloric acid and protein digesting enzymes, acidity of urine, saliva and tears (lysozyme)
96872113	Defensive Cells	2nd line of defence Neutrophils (primary bacteria), Macrophages (pus), Eosinophils (worms), Natural Killers cells (abnormal and cancer)
96872114	Defensive Proteins	2nd line of defense Interferons, Complement system
100555545	Interferons	prevent viral replication slows spread of any virus inhibits cell division of cancer cells
100555546	Complement System	stimulates inflammatory response redness, heat, swelling, pain sometimes people get allergies by accident enhances macrophages and neurophils to the site
100703541	histamine	released by cells, causes dilation of blood vessels
100703542	Fever	high body temperature, brain does this
100703543	MHC markers	molecules found on the surface of our own cells and mark them as belonging to us
100703544	antigens	nonself substances that trigger an immune response
100703545	B cells	recognize the antigen marture in bone marrow programmed to recognize ONE particular type of antigen specific defense mechanism is built for plasma cells
100703546	T cells	specific defense for cytotoxic T cells that attack
100703547	Cytotoxic T cells	release perforins that cause cells with the antigen to burst (lyse)
100703548	Immune Response Steps	1. Threat 2. Detection 3. Alert 4. Helper Tcells activate B cells and T cells to destroy specific antigen 5. Specfic defense mechanism is built 6. Primary defense 7. Immunological memory 8. Suppressor T cells
100703549	Active Immunity	immune resistance in which the body actively participates by producing memory B cells and T cells after exposure to an antigen, either naturally or through vaccination - lasts years to decades
100703550	Passive Immunity	immunity due to received antibodies - no memory cells involved - short lived - breast milk
100703551	Monoclonal Antibodies	group of identical antibodies taht bind to one specific antigen
100703552	autoimmune disorders	failure to distinguish between self and nonself, physical problems caused when cells of the body's immune system attack normal body cells as if they were foreign invaders
100703553	Allergies	overreaction of the immune system to antigens
100703554	Allergens	Cause plasma cells to release large numbers of class IgE antibodies
100703555	Lympth	intersititial fluid that builds up around the cells
100703556	Lymph capillaries	passes through a series of vessels, lymphoid tissues and organs, returns to circulatory system
100703557	Elephantiasis	condition in which a worm blocks lymphatic vessels, causing fluid to buildup
100703558	Lymphatic vessels	central to absorb the interstitial fluid
100703559	lymph nodes	bean-shaped stuctures, filter lymph, contain macrophages and lymphocytes
100703560	Lymphoid Organs	Tonsils, Thymus Gland, Spleen, Peyer's patches, red bone marrow
100703561	Disease transmission	1. Direct Contact - kiss 2. Inhalation - smell 3. Indirect Contact - touch 4. Vectors - pet
100703562	Sporadic disease	occur only occasionally and at unpredictable intervals
100703563	Endemic disease	always present in a population and pose little threat
100703564	Epidemic diseases	occur suddenly, spread rapidly
100703565	Pandemic	global outbreak
100703566	Six organisms that cause diseases	Bacteria, Viruses, Protists, Fungi, Parasitic worms, Prions
100703567	Bacterial cells	prokaryotic cells, have a cell wall and cell membrane, do not have a nucleus, genetic material is in the cytoplasm, contain ribosomes and no other organelles, and are much smaller then plant and animal cells
100703568	Binary fission	this is how bacteria divides at a very rapid rate (asexually)
100703569	Viruses	submicroscopic infectious particle composed of protein coat and nucleic acid - carry genetic information envoded in their nucleic acid and can undergo mutations - no a living organism - damage the host cell
100703570	Five steps of a virus infection	Attachment Penetration Production of virus genetic information and proteins Assembly of new viruses Release of virus
100703571	cell lyse	virus exploding
100703572	Budding	shedding out of the cell slowly
100703573	Lytic infection	rapid release of new viruses from host cell - can cause dealth
100703574	Persistent infection	slow release of new viruses for a long time (three week cold)
100703575	Latent infection	virus remains in host cell dormant, no harm to the cell, until it beings replicating and kills the cell - cold sore
100703576	Can a virus cause cancer?	Yes, it inserts its DNA into the cell's chromosome
100706356	How does life begin?	One cell - zygote - fusion of an egg and sperm
100706357	do specialized cells divide?	No
100706358	purpose of cell division	grow or fix damaged cells
100706359	Too little cell divison causes what?	disorder that stops the body from being able to repair itself - example: spinal injury
100706360	Defective cell division causes what?	lack of production in cells...like blood clotting factors by liver cells
100706361	Stem cells	unspecialized cells that retain the ability to become a wide variety of specialized cells
100706362	Four types of stem cells	Totipotent, Pluripotent, Multipoten, Unipotent
100706363	Adult stem cells	Cells present in adult tissues that generate replacements for nondividing differentiated cells that can be of great therapeutic potential.
100706364	Umbilical Cord Stem Cells	multipotent. umbilical cord is the lifeline that transports nutrient and oxygen rich blood from the placenta to the fetus
100706365	Embryonic Stem Cells	an undifferentiated cell, taken from an embryo that has potential to give rise to various other cell or tissue types, undifferentiated, pluripotent stem cells that can grow and divide indefinitely; cause cancer if directly injected into animals; acquire genetic mutations over time (as they divide over and over); can be used in regenerative medicine, basic science, pharmaceutical testing, and understanding abnormal conditions/processes
100706366	Therapeutic cloning	replacement cells, the cloning of human cells by nuclear transplantation for therapeutic purposes, such as the generation of embryonic stem cells
100706367	Reproductive Cloning	produces a new individual, implanted into surrogate mother
100706368	Genotype	genetic makeup, all alleles are present, no options
100706369	Phenotype	observable physical traits, environment
100706370	dominant allele	expressed in phenotype
100706371	recessive allele	not expressed in phenotype
100706372	complete dominance	The situation in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable
100706373	codominance	situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism ex. AB blood type
100706374	Incomplete Dominance	creates a blended phenotype; one allele is not completely dominant over the other
100706375	Pleiotrophy	one gene having many effects
100706376	Polygenic inheritance	process by which several genes interact to produce a certain trait; responsible for most important traits example skin colour
100706377	linked genes	genes on the same chromosome are usually inherited together
100706378	x linked genes	X-Linked Genes on the X chromosome are said to be X-linked. X-linked recessive diseases are generally only seen in males who get the disease from the mother. Both males and females can be affected by X-linked dominant genes.
100706379	Sex influenced genes	autosomal genes whose expression is influenced by sex hormones - example: allele for baldness and testosterone
100706380	Mutations	chromosome breakage, caused by chemicals, radiation, viruses
100706381	deletion	loss of a piece of chromosome
100706382	Duplication	added piece of chromosome
100706383	Amniocentesis	fluid is withdrawn
100706384	Chorionic villi sampling	taking a small piece of chorionic villi