AP world ch. 25-27

144278323	Toussaint L'Overture	Leader of the slave rebellion on the French island of St. Domingue in 1791; led to the creation of the independent republic of Haiti in 1804.
144278324	Mask of Ferdinand	Term given to the movements in Latin America allegedly loyal to the deposed Bourbon king of Spain; the actually were Creole movements for independence.
144278325	Miguel de Hidalgo	Mexican priest who established an independence movement among Indians and mestizos in 1810; after early victories he was captured and executed.
144278326	Augustin Iturbide	Conservative Creole officer in the Mexican army who joined the independence movement; made emperor in 1821.
144278327	Simon Bolivar	Creole military officer in northern South America; won victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822 that led to the independent state of Gran Colombia.
144278328	Jose de San Martin	Leader of movements in Rio de la Plata that led to the independence of the United Republic of Rio de la Plata by 1816; later led to independence movements in Chile and Peru.
144278329	Joao VI	Portuguese monarch who fled the French to establish his court in Brazil from 1808 to 1820; Rio de Janeiro became the real capital of the Portuguese empire.
144278330	Pedro I	Son and successor of Joao VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence in 1822 and became constitutional emperor.
144278331	Andres Santa Cruz	Mestizo general who established a union between independent Peru and Bolivia between 1829 and 1839.
144278332	Caudillos	Leaders in independent Latin America who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized the national government.
144278333	Centralists	Latin American politicians who favored strong, centralized national governments with broad powers; often supported by liberal politicians.
144278334	Federalists	Latin American politicians who favored regional governments rather than centralized administrations; often supported by conservation politicians.
144278335	Monroe Doctrine	United States declaration of 1823, which states that any attempt by a European country to colonize the Americans would be considered an unfriendly act.
144278336	Guano	Bird droppings used as fertilizer; a major Peruvian export between 1850 and 1880.
144278337	Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna	Mexican general who seized power after the collapse of the Mexican republic in 1835.(saw himself as Mexican Napoleon)
144278338	Manifest Destiny	Belief that the United States was destined to rule from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
144278339	Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848)	Treaty between the United States and Mexico; Mexico lost one-half of national territory.
144278340	Benito Juarez	Indian lawyer and politician who led a liberal revolution against Santa Anna; defeated by the French who made Maximilian emperor; returned to power from 1867 to 1872.
144278341	La Reforma	Name of Juarez's liberal revolution.
144278342	Maximilian von Habsburg	Austrian archduke proclaimed emperor of Mexico as a result of French intervention in 1862; after the French withdrawal he was executed in 1867.
144278343	Gauchos	Mounted rural workers in the Rio de la Plata region.
144278344	Juan Manuel de Rosas	Federalist leader in Buenos Aires; took power in 1831; commanded loyalty of gauchos, restored local autonomy.
144278345	Argentine Republic	Replaced state of Buenos Aires in 1862 as a result of a compromise between centralists and federalists.
144278346	Fazendas	Coffee estates that spread into the Brazilian interior between 1840 and 1860; caused intensification of slavery.
144278347	Modernization theory	The belief that the more industrialized, urban, and modern a society became, the more social change and improvement were possible as traditional patterns and attitudes were abandoned or transformed.
144278348	Dependency theory	The belief that development and underdevelopment were not stages but were part of the same process; that development and growth of areas like western Europe were achieved at the expense of underdevelopment of dependent regions like Latin America.
144278349	Porfirio Diaz	One of Juarez's generals; elected presidents of Mexico in 1876 and dominated politics for 35 years.
144278350	Spanish American War	Fought between Spain and the United States beginning in 1898; resulted in annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines; permitted American intervention in the Carribean.
144278351	Panama Canal	The United States supported an independence movement in Panama, then part of Colombia, in return for the exclusive rights for a canal across the Panamanian isthmus.
144829459	Mexican American War	Fought between Mexico and the United States from 1846 to 1848; led to devastating defeat of Mexican forces and loss of about one-half of Mexico's national territory to the United States.
144829460	Selim III	Ottoman sultan (1789-1807); attempted to improve administrative efficiency and build a new army and navy; assassinated by Janissaries.
144829461	Mahmud II	19th Ottoman sultan; built a private, professional army; crushed the Janissaries and initiated reforms based on Western precedents.
144829462	Tanzimat reforms	Western-style reforms within the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; included a European-influenced constitution in 1876.
144829463	Abdul Hamid	Ottoman sultan (1878-1908) who tried to return to despotic absolutism; nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties.
144829464	Young Turks	Members of the Ottoman Society for Union and Progress; intellectuals and political agitators seeking the return of the 1876 constitution; gained power through a coup in 1908.
144829465	Mamluks	Rulers of Egypt under the Ottomans; defeated by Napoleon in 1798; revealed the vulnerability of the Muslim world.
144829466	Muhammad Ali	Controlled Egypt by 1811; began a modernization process based on Western models but failed to greatly change Egypt; died in 1848.
144829467	Khedives	Descendants of Muhammad Ali; rulers of Egypt until 1952; formal rulers of Egypt despite French and English intervention until overthrown by military coup in 1952.
144829468	Suez Canal	Built to link the Mediterranean and Red seas; opened in 1869; British later occupied Egypt to safeguard their financial and strategic interests.
144829469	al-Afhani and Muhammad Abduh	Muslim thinkers in Egypt during the latter part of the 19th century; stressed the need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology and the importance of rational inquiry within Islam.
144829470	Mahdi	Muhammad Achmad, the leader of a Sudanic Sufi brotherhood; began a holy war against the Egyptians and British and founded a state in the Sudan.
144829471	Khalifa Abdallahi	Successor of the Mahdi; defeated and killed by British General Kitchener in 1898.
144829472	Kangxi	Qing ruler and Confucian scholar (1661-1722); promoted Sinification among the Manchu.
144829473	Lin Zexu	19th-century Chinese official charged during the 1830s with ending the opium trade in southern China; set off the events leading to the Opium war.
144829474	Opium War	Fought between Britian and Qing China beginning in 1839 to protect the British trade in opium; British victory demonstrated Western superiority over China.
144829475	Taiping Rebellion	Massive rebellion in southern China in the 1850s and 1850s led by Hong Xiuquan; sought to overthrow the Qing dynast and Confucianism.
144829476	Cixi	Conservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Qing dynasty.
144829477	Boxer Rebellion	Popular outburst aimed at expelling foreigners from China; put down by intervention of the Western powers.
144829478	Puyi	Last Qing ruler; deposed in 1912.
144829479	Murad	(1790-1820) Head of coalition of Mamluk rulers in Egypt; opposed Napolenic invasion of Egypt and suffered devastating defeat; failure destroyed Mamluk government in Egypt and revealed vulnerability of Muslim core.
144829480	Khartoum	Nile River town that was administrative center of Egyptian authority in Sudan.
144829481	Banner armies	Eight armies of the Manchu tribes identified by separate flags; created by Nurhaci in early 17th century; utilized to defeat Ming emperor and establish Qing dynasty.
144829482	Qing dynasty	Manchu dynasty that seized control of China in mid-17th century after decline of Ming; forced submission of nomadic peoples far to the west and compelled tribute from Vietnam and Burma to the south.
144829483	Hong Xiuguan	(1812-1864) Leader of the Taiping rebellion; converted to specifically Chinese form of Christianity; attacked traditional Confucian teachings of Chinese elite.
144862553	Holy Alliance	Alliance among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in defense of the established order; formed by the most conservative monarchies of Europe during the Congress of Vienna.
144862554	Decembrist uprising	Unsuccessful 1825 political revolt in Russia by mid-level army officers advocating reforms.
144862555	Crimean War (1854-1856)	Began with a Russian attack on the Ottoman; France and Britain joined on the Ottoman side; resulted in a Russian defeat because of Western industrial might; led to russian reforms under Alexander II.
144862556	Emancipation of the serfs	Alexander II in 1861 ended serfdom in Russia; serfs did not obtain political rights and had to pay the aristocracy for lands gained.
144862557	Zemstvoes	Local political councils created as part of Alexander II's reforms; gave the middle class progessional experience in government but did not influence national policy.
144862558	Trans-Siberian railroad	Constructed during the 1870s and 1880s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; increased the Russian role in Asia.
144862559	Intelligentsia	Russian term for articulate intellectuals as a class; desired radical change in the Russian political and economic systems; wished to maintain a Russian culture distinct from that of the West.
144862560	Anarchists	Political groups that thought the abolition of formal government was a first step to creating a better society; became important in Russia and was the modern world's first large terrorist movement.
144862561	Lenin	Russian Marxist leader; insisted on the importance of disciplined revolutionary cells.
145084728	Bolsheviks	Literally "majority" party, but actually a political group backed by a minority of the population; the most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement; led by Lenin.
145084729	Russian Revolution of 1905	Defeat by Japan resulted in strikes by urban workers and insurrections among the peasantry; resulted in temporary reforms.
145084730	Duma	Russian national assembly created as one of the reforms after the Revolution of 1905; progressively stripped of power during the reign of Nicholas II.
145084731	Kulaks	Agricultural entrepreneurs who used Stolypin reforms to buy more land and increase production. (rich farmers)
145084732	Terakoya	Commoner schools founded during the Tokugawa shogunate to teach reading, writing, and Confucian rudiments; by the middle of the 19th century resulted in the highest literacy rate outside of the West.
145084733	Dutch studies	Studies of Western science and technology beginning during the 18th century; based on texts available at the Dutch Nagasaki trading center.
145084734	Matthew Perry	American naval officer; in 1853 insisted under the threat of bombardment on the opening of ports to American trade.
145084735	Meiji restoration	Power of the emperor restored with Emperor Mutsuhito in 1868; took name of Meiji, the Enlightened One; ended shogunate and began a reform period.
145084736	Diet	Japanese parliament established as part of the constitution of 1889; able to advise government but not control it.
145084737	Zaibatsu	Huge industrial combines created in Japan during the 1890s.
145084738	Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)	Fought in Korea between Japan and China; Japanese victory demonstrated its arrival as a new industrial power.
145084739	Yellow Peril	Western term for perceived threat from Japanese imperialism.