AP Psychology - Chapter 9

46777338	cognition	all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
46777339	concept	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
46777340	prototype	a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin).
46777341	algorithm	a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier—but also more error-prone—use of heuristics.
46777342	heuristic	a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.
46777343	insight	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.
46777344	confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.
46777345	fixation	the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set.
46777346	mental set	a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.
46777347	functional fixedness	the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.
46777348	representativeness heuristic	judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.
46777349	availability heuristic	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.
46777350	overconfidence	the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.
46777351	belief perseverance	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.
46777352	intuition	an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.
46777353	framing	the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
46777354	language	our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.
46777355	phoneme	in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.
46777356	morpheme	in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix).
46777357	grammar	in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.
46777358	semantics	the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning.
46777359	syntax	the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.
46777360	babbling stage	beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.
46777361	one-word stage	the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.
46777362	two-word stage	beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements.
46777363	telegraphic speech	early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.
46777364	aphasia	impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding).
46777365	Broca's area	controls language expression—an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.
46777366	Wernicke's area	controls language reception—a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe.
46777367	linguistic determinism	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.