A.P. Euro Chapter 14 terms

223840326	Pluralism	This was the way that many people held many offices at once. They mainly focused on one job and seldomly visited their other posts. Instead they collected revenue to hire poor priests to fill in for them. Many of the important officers such as King and Pope did this.
223840327	The Imitation of Christ	This was a book by Thomas A. Kempis. It gained widespread popularity among the laymen. This expressed the spiritual nature of the Brethren of Common Life. The Bretheren of Common Life stressed the the centrality of the Scriptures into spiritual life.
223840328	Ecumenical Council	They met in Rome from 1512-1517. It was summoned by Pope Judias the Second. Since a lot of the bishops that met were Italian, the term Ecumenical, meaning universal, was not really accurate. These people strove earnestly to reform the Church. While this was happening, many of the Germans were getting mad.
223840329	Indulgence	This was an automatic ticket into Heaven. Even if people sin, they can buy an indulgence to get into Heaven. They can even buy them for past loved ones of whom have died. The Church used this money to constuct Saint Peter's Basilica. This caused great controversy all across Europe.
223840330	Diet of Worms	This was the first diet that was held by Charles the Fifth. He was only 21 when he called it into session. He called it for Luther, who had been questioning the Church and its ways. After the diet, Charles declared Luther an outlaw, so he could not have legal protection. Duke Fredrick of Saxony protected him anyways.
223840331	Protestant	These were first known as Lutherans, but eventually came to be under all non-catholics. Many people were Protestant during the Reformation, because of the printing press and the spread of literacy. People did not have blind fatih anymore, they knew what they were worshipping. Protestants got their name by a protest that they commited at the Diet of Speyer in 1529.
223840332	Sola Scriputra	This was a phrase that Luther used to descibe the Church's power rested only on the scriptures. For any doctorine or issue to be valid, it had to have something to do with the scriptures or a scriputal basis. This was a Latin phrase meaning 'scriptures alone.'
223840333	Transubstantiation	This was the belief of most Catholics, where the bread and wine actually become the blood and flesh of Christ during Mass. Christ is then fully present in the bread and the wine. This is the opposite of what Lutehr believed in.
223840334	Consubstantiation	This was the belief of Luther. He said that after concentration, the bread and the wine undergo a spiritual change whereby Christ is present, but the bread and wine have not actually transformed. This was the opposite of what Christians believed in.
223840335	Lord's Supper	The Lord's supper is the consumption of bread and wine. One of the ideas about it was by Zwingli, who affirmed a memorial of the Last Supper. He also said that no change whatsoever occurs in the elements. This was just one of the many different beliefs about the Lord's supper.
223840336	Preacherships	This was a result of many different poor quality sermons. Preachers were men of superior education and were to deliver around 100 sermons a year, each lasting around 45 minutes. Preacherships mostly encouraged the Protestant form of worship.
223840337	Peasant Revolts	During the fifteenth century, Germany had witnessed several Peasant revolts. Yet, in the sixteenth century a lot, if not more peasant revolts occurred. They were aggravated by the horrible crops of 1523 and 1524. The peasants then wrote the 12 Articles. When that was ignored ,they started revolting. They were outmanned and outarmed but expected help from Luther. But, Luther did not approve of violence so he did the exact opposite.
223840338	The Institutes of the Christian Religion	This was a book buy John Calvin explaining his beliefs and the explanations for them. The main point in Calvin's beliefs was the belief in absolute sovereignty of God and the total weakness in the human race. He said that men and women were just grains of sand in the all mighty presence of God.
223840339	Predestination	This was a belief first introduced by Clavin. He said that people had no power whatsoever if they get into Heaven or not. He said that God has already pre decided where you will go. These people that do get into Heaven were called the 'elect.' Many people started to take in this idea during the Reformation.
223840340	Anabaptists	These people believed that people should have the choice to be baptised or not. This religion attracted many unweathy poeple becasue they believed in pacifism. Pacifism was the no-tolerating of violence. They would not serve in the armed forces either. The anabaptist made that only a few of of the Christians gain the inner light, which seperatd Church from government.
223840341	Book of Common Prayer	This book was by archbishop Thomas Cranner. He helped Edward the Sixth bring protestant ideas to England. He used this book to show many thing, including, together with the Psalter and the order for all services of the Church of England.
223840342	Elizabethan Settlement	These were the laws of Elizabeth in her earl years of reign. One of the laws stateed that outward conformity to the Church of England and uniformity in all cereimonies. She made everyone attend the Church of England services. Those who refused were fined.
223840343	Holy Office	This was established by Pope Paul the Third in 1542. They had the jurasdiction of the Roman Inquisition, a powerful hand over the counter-reformation. They were a commity of six cardnials with judicail authority over all Catholics and the power to arrest, imprison, and execute. They vigorasly attacked hersy.