AP Gov Linkage Institutions I
Mr. Shumpert's AP Government
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| 97877817 | public opinion | what the public thinks about an issue at any point in time | |
| 97877818 | public opinion polls | surveys with samples of citizens used to estimate the beliefs of the population | |
| 97877819 | straw polls | unscientific polls used to gauge public opinion on a variety of issues | |
| 97877820 | political socialization | process of determining political values | |
| 97877821 | Christian coalition | created by Pat Robertson; conservative religious group in the 90s that attracted an enormous media attention and became a large force in many elections | |
| 97877822 | random sampling | method that gives each person in a group an equal chance of being selected | |
| 97877823 | quota sampling | nonrandom sampling method in which "quotas" for certain sample characteristics are established to increase representativeness of sample | |
| 97877824 | stratified sampling | a kind of random sampling; population is divided into regions and random samples are taken of each | |
| 97877825 | push polls | polls for the sole purpose of creating bias through the question wording | |
| 97877826 | tracking polls | polls following a candidate's campaign to chart support | |
| 97877827 | exit polls | polls conducted on election day | |
| 97877828 | sampling error | a measure of the accuracy of a public opinion poll | |
| 97877829 | rational-choice theory | parties select widely favored policies to ensure votes | |
| 97877830 | Duverger's Law | voters don't want to waste their votes on third parties that def. won't win so they vote for one of the main two | |
| 97877831 | linkage institution | the means by which individuals express preferences regarding the development of public policy | |
| 97877832 | coalition | group of interests/organizations that join forces to elect public officials | |
| 97877833 | national party platform | a statement of the philosophy and policy goals of a party; usually stated at nat. convention | |
| 97877834 | party era | historical period in which a majority of citizens shift to cling to the party in power;have only been 6 | |
| 97877835 | critical election | election showing sharp changes in the existing patterns of party loyalty | |
| 97877836 | party realignment | "electoral earthquake" where party's majority domination is replaced with another's; rare, usually associated with a crisis or trauma | |
| 97877837 | Federalists | Hamilton; formed out of want of a federally created national bank | |
| 97877838 | Democratic-Republicans | Madison and Jefferson; formed against Federalists and against a national bank | |
| 97877839 | Jacksonian democracy | created Democratic party through state/local committees and held first national party convention in 1832; expansion of more political rights to white adult males | |
| 97877840 | Whig Party | fractitious party created by Henry Clay and Daniel Webster, and held together by a hate of Andrew Jackson | |
| 97877841 | Republican Party | formed in 1854 as antislavery party that appealed to the North's business interests | |
| 97877842 | 1860 election | won by Abraham Lincoln which lead to the Civil War | |
| 97893162 | Thomas Nast | cartoonist that created ass and elephant symbols | |
| 97893177 | Gilded Age | a period that appeared great but had numerous hidden problems | |
| 97893178 | political machine | party organization that recruits people through tangible incentives; lots of control over member activity | |
| 97893179 | patronage | granting favors in return for political support; part of Spoils System | |
| 97893180 | 1896 election | won by Republicans, who had maintained an industrial agenda while Democrats adapted an agrarial one from the Populist party | |
| 97893187 | direct primary system | requires members of the political party to elect a candidate for office | |
| 97893188 | civil service laws | slowly ended patronage in the federal government; merit system | |
| 97893189 | New Deal coalition | formed after New Deal and kept Democrats in power for 30 years | |
| 97893192 | party dealignment | voters are now fairly divided between D, R, and I; issue-oriented politics is causing parties to split | |
| 97893195 | national convention | the meeting of party delegates every four years to choose a presidential ticket and write the party's platform. | |
| 97893196 | think tanks | institutional collection of policy-oriented researchers who are sources of policy ideas | |
| 97893199 | Howard Dean | first major candidate to raise a massive amount of money through the internet | |
| 97893200 | party identification | only need to claim to be a member of a party; no enforceable obligations | |
| 97893201 | ticket split | voting for different candidates in different parties for different offices in the same election | |
| 97893202 | Third Partyism | parties usually formed when major parties have alienated groups or supressed issues; created due to/by sectionalism, economic protests, issues, and ideologies | |
| 97893203 | Dixiecrats | lead by Strom Thurmond; formed by southern Democrats against Harry Truman; sectionalism | |
| 97893204 | Populist Party | lead by William Jennings Bryan; formed by mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies; economic protests | |
| 97893205 | Socialist party | known for/lead by Eugene Debs; ideology | |
| 97893208 | Bull Moose party | created by Theodore Roosevelt aka the Progressive Party | |
| 97893209 | American Independent party | lead by George Wallace; wanted to continue black segregation | |
| 97893210 | Reform Party | lead by Ross Perot; focuses on national government reform, fiscal responsibility, and political accountability | |
| 97893211 | proportional representation | voting system that appoints legislative seats according to the percentage won by a certain party; England, not US | |
| 97958513 | winner-take-all system | system used in US instead of proportional representation; reason third parties never win | |
| 97958514 | Responsible Party model | system in which parties adopt a platform of principles, recruit candidates and direct campaigns based on the platform, and hold their elected officials responsible for enacting it | |
| 97958515 | mandate | a command for elective officials to carry out their platforms as indicated by the electorate's votes | |
| 97958516 | electorate | citizens eligible to vote (voters) | |
| 97958517 | prospective judgment | a voter's evaluation of a candidate/campaign based on their promises | |
| 97958518 | retrospective judgment | a voter's evaluation of an incumbent's performance; judges past actions | |
| 97958519 | closed primary | primary in which only voters registered with the party may vote | |
| 97958520 | open primary | primary in which voters may choose which party's primary they wish to vote in | |
| 97958521 | crossover voting | when a voter identifying with one party votes at the other party's primary | |
| 97958522 | raiding | when a voter crossover votes to sabotage the other party by choosing a candidate that would be easy to beat | |
| 97958523 | runoff primary | "sudden death round" when no candidate has majority | |
| 97958524 | blanket primary | all parties have candidates on the same ballot; illegal | |
| 97958525 | initiative | citizens can propose legislation and submit it to the electorate for a vote | |
| 97958526 | proposition | a proposed legislation (?) | |
| 97958527 | referendum | the state legislature submits a proposed legislation to the electorate for approval | |
| 97958528 | recall | deelection | |
| 97958529 | 12th amendment | the seperation of the president and vice president onto two different ballots on same party ticket | |
| 97958530 | butterfly ballot | paper ballot with holes to push in | |
| 97958531 | chad | a small piece of paper that pops out when a hole is punched in a card | |
| 97958532 | winner-take-all primary | candidate who wins most votes in a state gets all of the states delegates | |
| 97989164 | proportional representation primary | an election in which each candidate is awarded delegates in proportion to the number of votes cast | |
| 97989165 | caucus | private meeting of a group of people in a political party to select officers or policy | |
| 97989166 | frontloading | first states to hold primaries basically determine the winners | |
| 97989167 | superdelegate | delegate slot to democratic national convention reserved for an elected primary official | |
| 97989168 | Electoral College | representatives of each state who cast final ballots in presidential election | |
| 97989169 | reapportionment | change of representation of states in electoral college every 10 years | |
| 97989170 | secular realignment | gradual rearrangement of party coalitions based more on demographic shifts than political shocks | |
| 97989171 | gerrymandering | legislative process of the majority party trying to reach the max number of representatives in the state by redrawing districts | |
| 97989172 | motor-voter bill | legislation allowing citizens to register to vote as they apply for a driver's license or other state benefit | |
| 97989173 | regional primary system | electoral college reform option; country divided into 4 regions that would rotate when it comes to who holds primaries first | |
| 97989174 | voter canvass | process by which a campaign reaches individual voters | |
| 97989175 | inoculation ad | counters anticipated attack before it happens | |
| 97989176 | spin | perception of an issue | |
| 97989177 | federal election campaign act | created FEC; provides public funding for pres primaries & general elections, limits campaign contributions to $1000 per candidate, and requires disclosure | |
| 97989178 | Buckley v Valeo | challenged FECA and resulted in allowing unlimited spending under freedom of speech | |
| 97989179 | soft money | virtually unregulated money funneled through state/local parties spent on candidates behalf | |
| 97989180 | public funds | only used for president but have spending limits | |
| 97989181 | matching funds | funds that will be supplied in an amount matching the funds available from other sources | |
| 97989182 | PACs | over 4,000 in country; can spend $5,000 per candidate; contributions go to congressional campaigns and have to report to FEC | |
| 97989183 | hard money | legally specified contributions that are regulated by the FEC to a party or candidate | |
| 97989184 | express advocacy | endorsement of or attack on candidate ad | |
| 97989185 | issue advocacy | ad about issues | |
| 97989186 | campaign finance reform | McCain-Feingold Act; increased the amount individuals could give to candidates to $2000; barred groups from running ads within 60 days of a general election if they refer to a federal candidate | |
| 97989187 | McConnell v FEC | upheld ban on soft money | |
| 97989188 | 527s | political organizations not regulated by the FEC or other elections commission, and are not subject to the same contribution limits as PACs | |
| 98189969 | political party | group seeking control of government by gaining office | |
| 98189970 | issue-oriented politics | reason for declining party loyalty; parties split |