AP Gov - Chapter 11

49775317	reapportionment	The assigning by Congress of congressional seats after each census. State legislatures reapportion state legislative districts.
49775318	redistricting	The redrawing of congressional and other legislative district lines following the census, to accommodate population shifts and keep districts as equal as possible in population.
49775319	gerrymandering	The drawing of legislative district boundaries to benefit a party, group, or incumbent.
49775320	safe seat	An elected office that is predictably won by one party or the other, so the success of that party's candidate is almost taken for granted.
49775321	incumbents	The current holders of elected office.
49775322	bicameralism	The principle of a two-house legislature.
49775323	enumerated powers	The powers explicitly given to Congress in the Constitution.
49775324	Speaker	The presiding officer in the House of Representatives, formally elected by the House but actually selected by the majority party.
49775325	majority leader	The legislative leader selected by the majority party who helps plan party strategy, confers with other party leaders, and tries to keep members of the party in line.
49775326	minority leader	The legislative leader selected by the minority party as spokesperson for the opposition.
49775327	whip	Party leader who is the liaison between the leadership and the rank-and-file in the legislature.
49775328	party caucus	A meeting of the members of a party in a legislative chamber to select party leaders and to develop party policy. Called a conference by Republicans.
49775329	closed rule	A procedural rule in the House of Representatives that prohibits any amendments to bills or provides that only members of the committee reporting the bill may offer amendments.
49775330	open rule	A procedural rule in the House of Representatives that permits floor amendments within the overall time allocated to the bill.
49775331	president pro tempore	Officer of the Senate selected by the majority party to act as chair in the absence of the vice president.
49775332	hold	A procedural practice in the Senate whereby a senator temporarily blocks the consideration of a bill or nomination.
49775333	fillibuster	A procedural practice in the Senate whereby a senator refuses to relinquish the floor and thereby delays proceedings and prevents a vote on a controversial issue.
49775334	cloture	A procedure for terminating debate, especially filibusters, in the Senate.
49775335	senatorial courtesy	Presidential custom of submitting the names of prospective appointees for approval to senators from the states in which the appointees are to work.
49775336	standing committee	A permanent committee established in a legislature, usually focusing on a policy area.
49775337	special or select committee	A congressional committee created for a specific purpose, sometimes to conduct an investigation.
49775338	joint committee	A committee composed of members of both the House of Representatives and the Senate; such committees oversee the Library of Congress and conduct investigations.
49775339	seniority rule	A legislative practice that assigns the chair of a committee or subcommittee to the member of the majority party with the longest continuous service on the committee.
49775340	conference committee	Committee appointed by the presiding officers of each chamber to adjust differences on a particular bill passed by each in different form.
49775341	delegate	An official who is expected to represent the views of his or her constituents even when personally holding different views; one interpretation of the role of the legislator.
49775342	trustee	An official who is expected to vote independently based on his or her judgment of the circumstances; one interpretation of the role of the legislator.
49775343	attentive public	Those citizens who follow public affairs carefully.
49775344	logrolling	Mutual aid and vote trading among legislators.
49775345	discharge petition	Petition that, if signed by a majority of the members of the House of Representatives, will pry a bill from committee and bring it to the floor for consideration.
49775346	rider	A provision attached to a bill - to which it may or may not be related - in order to secure its passage.
49775347	pocket veto	A veto exercised by the president after Congress has adjourned; if the president takes no action for ten days, the bill does not become law and is not returned to Congress for a possible override.
49775348	override	An action taken by Congress to reverse a presidential veto, requiring a two-thirds majority in each chamber.
51132500	centralization	Quick, decisive power that comes at the expense of the power of individual congressmen and citizens. Centralization requires a strong leadership, restrictions on debate, few stalling tactics, minimal committee interference, and minimal public scrutiny.
51132501	decentralization	Power that involves longer debate and protects individual voices and constituents, requires weak leadership, few restrictions on debate, many opportunities for the minority, powerful committees and intense public scrutiny.
51132502	rules committee	A committee in the House whose members are chosen by the Speaker. The committee decides the rules under which certain House business will proceed.
51132503	17th Amendment	Allowed for the direct election of senators.
51182421	adjournment	The end of a congressional term.
51182422	sessions	Terms are two years long, divided into year long________
51182423	recesses	Breaks from congressional service.
51182424	revenue bills	Must originate in the House.
51182426	line of succession	Predetermined list of who reaches the presidency if the president dies or becomes incapacitated.
51182427	majority party	Party with the most seats in either house.
51182428	parliamentary procedure	The rules by which congressional business is conducted.
51182429	US Term Limits vs. Thornton	1995 Supreme Court case that said term limits imposed by state legislatures are unconstitutional.
51182430	President of the Senate	The Vice President's traditional role.
51182431	docket	The bills up for consideration. Influenced by the Speaker.
51182432	pork barrel	Projects congressmen secure for their home state that often waste federal money but secure votes.
51182433	27th Amendment	Prevents salary raises for congressmen from having immediate effect.
51182434	Honoraria	Speaking fees. Banned for congressmen.
51182435	franking privilege	Congressmen can mail for free.
51182436	legislative immunity	Cannot be arrested on the way to a vote.
51182437	census	A constitutionally-mandated counting of American citizens every ten years.
51182438	packing	Concentrations of the opposing party into a few districts in gerrymandering.
51182439	cracking	Dispersion of opposing party into districts to dilute power.
51182440	Baker vs. Carr	"One man, one vote" for legislative districts in states, correcting overrepresentation of rural areas.
51182441	malapportionment	Shifts within the 10 years.
51182442	Racial gerrymandering	Moving voters of the same race into the same district.
51182443	Shaw vs. Reno	Prohibits racial gerrymandering.
51182444	Miller vs. Johnson	Race cannot be the primary factor in gerrymandering.
51182445	institutional powers	Relate to checks and balances. Ratification of treaties by Senate, House votes for impeachment, etc.
51182446	censure	Official punishment of a sitting member.
51182447	ex post facto laws	After the fact laws.
51182448	bills of attainder	Legislative act pronouncing someone's guilt/punishment without trial.
51182449	habeas corpus	Cannot be suspended unless a time of invasion or rebellion.
51182450	watchdog	Media role over monitoring congress.
51182451	authorization	Allows for a program.
51182452	appropriation	Pays for a program.
51182453	reported out	Action taken if a bill passes through committee successfully.
51182454	mark up	Session when a bill is amended in committee.
51182455	earmarks	Spending placed by committee members.
51182456	pigeonhole	Postpone indefinitely in committee.
51182457	line-item veto	Deemed unconstitutional, process of eliminating individual parts of a bill.
51182458	Clinton v. NY	Declared line-item veto unconstitutional.
51182459	seniority system	Ranking of who has been in the congress longest.
51182460	Ways and Means	House committee dealing with tax bills.