Social Psychology

46779225	social psychology	the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
46779226	attitudes	personal beliefs and feelings that may predispose a person to respond in particular ways to objects, people, and events
46779227	attribution theory	deals with our casual explanations of behavior
46779228	bystander effect	the tendency of a person to be less likely to offer help to someone if there are other people present
46779229	aggression	any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
46779230	frustration-aggression principle	states that aggression is triggered when people become angry because their efforts to achieve a goal have been blocked
46779231	fundamental attribution error	our tendency to underestimate the impact of situations and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions upon the behavior of others
46779232	foot-in-the-door phenomenon	the tendency for people who agree to a small request to comply later with a larger request
46779233	cognitive dissonance theory	refers to the theory that we act to reduce the psychological discomfort we experience when our behavior conflicts with what we think and feel, or more generally, when two of our thoughts conflict
46779234	conformity	the tendency to change one's thinking or behavior to coincide with a group standard
46779235	conflict	a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas between individuals or groups
46779236	scapegoat theory	proposes that prejudice provides an outlet for anger by finding someone to blame
46779237	self-fulfilling prophecy	occurs when our expectations of how people will behave cause us to treat them in ways that elicit such behaviors
46779238	self-serving bias	the tendency to perceive oneself favorably
46779239	social facilitation	the improvement in performance of simple or well-learned tasks that occurs when other people are present
46779240	social loafing	the tendency for individual effort to be diminished when one is part of a group working toward common goals
46779241	social trap	a situation in which conflicting parties become caught up in mutually harmful behavior as they pursue their perceived best interests
46779242	super ordinate goals	mutual goals that require the cooperation of individuals or groups otherwise in conflict
46779243	group polarization	refers to the enhancement of a group's prevailing tendencies through discussion, which often has the effect of accentuating the group's differences from other groups
46779244	GRIT(Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction)	a strategy of conflict resolution based on the defusing effect that conciliatory gestures can have on parties in conflict
46779245	groupthink	refers to the unrealistic thought processes and decision making that occur within groups when the desire for group harmony becomes paramount
46779246	just-world phenomenon	a manifestation of the commonly held belief that good is rewarded and evil is punished
46779247	informational social influence	results when one goes along with a group when one is unsure or lacks information
46779248	in-group	refers to the people and groups with whom we share a common identity
46779249	in-group bias	the tendency to favor one's own group
46779250	normative social influence	refers to the pressure on individuals to conform in order to avoid rejection or gain social approval
46779251	mere exposure effect	refers to the fact that repeated exposure to an unfamiliar stimulus increases our liking of it
46779252	out-group	refers to the people and groups that are excluded from our in-group
46779253	stereotype	generalized (often over generalized) belief about a group of people
46779254	stereotype threat	the phenomenon in which a person's concern that he or she will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype is actually followed by lower performance
46779255	social exchange theory	states that our social behavior revolves around exchanges, in which we try to minimize our costs and maximize our benefits
46779256	self-disclosure	refers to a person's sharing intimate feelings with another
46779257	companionate love	refers to a deep, enduring, affectionate attachment
46779258	passionate love	refers to an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another persons, especially at the beginning of a relationship
46779259	prejudice	an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members
46779260	equity	refers to the condition in which there is mutual giving and receiving between the partners in a relationship
46779261	bystander effect	the tendency of a person to be less likely to offer help to someone if there are other people present
46779262	deindividuation	refers to the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint that sometimes occurs in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
46779263	altruism	is unselfish regard for the welfare of others
46779696	social-responsibility norm	an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them.
46779697	reciprocity norm	an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.
47716792	Approach-approach conflict	A conflict between two desired gratifications, as when a youth has to choose between two attractive and practicable careers, may lead to some vacillation but rarely to great distress
47716793	Avoidance-avoidance conflict	A conflict between two dangers or threats
47716794	Approach-avoidance conflict	choices regarding something positive, such as going out to a party, that has a negative valence (avoidance), such as getting grounded for being at the party. These decisions and the emotional state of ambivalence cause stress
288546727	Zimbardo's Prison Experiment	A group of Stanford students were assigned to either play the role of prison guard or prisoner. All were dressed in uniforms, and the prisoners were assigned numbers. The prisoners were locked up in teh basement of the psychology building, and teh guards were put in charge of their treatment. The experiment ended early because of the cruel treatment the guards were inflicting on the prisoners.
288546728	Group Norms	Rules about how group members should act. For example, businesses may have rules governing appropriate work dress.
288546729	Obedience Studies	Studies that foucs on participants' willingness to do what another asks them to do. Milgram (1974) found that over 60% of the participants obey experimenters' orders to hurt someone. Participants' compliance is decreased when they are in close contact with those peopel whom they are being ordered to harm. When the experiementer left in the middle of the experment and was replaced by an assistant, obedience also decreased. When other people were present in the room and they objected to the orders, the % of participants who quit in the middle of the experiment skyrocketed.
288546730	Social Impairment	Being watched by others hurts performace when the tak being observed is a difficult one rather than a simple, well practiced one.
288546731	Attraction Research	Social psychologists study what factors increase teh chane that people will like one another: - Similarity - we are drawn to people who are similar to us. - Proximity - the greater you exposure to another person, the more you will generally come to like that person. - Reciprocal liking - the more someon like you, the more you will probably like that person.
288546732	Bystander Effect or Diffusion of Responsibility	the vicious murder of Kitty Genovese in Kew Gardens, NY committed with view of at least 38 witnesses, none of whom intervened, led John Darley and Bibb latane to research this. the larger the number of people who witness an emergency situation, the less likely anyone will be to intervene. The larger the group who witness a problem, the less responsible any one individual feels to help. People tend to assume someone else will take action.
288546733	Ethnocentrism	the belief that one's culture (ethnic group, racial group, etc) is superior to others
288546734	Discrimination	the prejudicial treatment of an individual based on their membership in a certain group or category
288546735	False-Consensus Effect	tendency for people to overestimate the number of people who agree with them
288546736	Individualistic Cultures	importance and uniqueness of the individual is stressed
288546737	Collectivist Cultures	a person's link to various groups such as family or company is stressed; importance is stressed on the whole
288546738	Norms of Reciprocity compliance strategy	one compliance strategy used to get others to comply; people think they ought to do something nice to someone who has done something nice for them
288546739	Door-in-the-Face compliance strategy	one compliance strategy used to get others to comply; sugges that after people refuse a large request they will look more favorably upon a follow-up reques that seems much more reasonable
288546740	Compliance Strategies	strategies used to get others to comply; i.e. foot in the door phenomenon, door in the face strategy, norms of reciprocity
288546741	Festinger & Carlsmith	conducted experiment about cognitive dissonance in late 1950's; concluded that to reduce cognitive dissonance, participants changed their attitudes and said that they actually did enjoy the experiment
288546742	Peripheral Route to Persuasion	one way a persuasive message can be processed; involves other aspects of the message (i.e. characteristics of people imparting the message
288546743	Central Route to Persuasion	one way a persuasive message can be processed; involves deeply processing the content of the message
288546744	Conformity	tendency of people to go along with the views or actions of others; Asch performed conformity experiment; more likely to occure when a group's opinion is unanimous
288546745	Attribution Theory	explains how people determine the cause of what they observe
288546746	Cognitive Dissonance Theory	based on the idea that people are motivated to have consistent attitudes and behaviors; when they do not, they experience unpleasent mental tension or dissonance
288546747	Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis	holds that the feeling of frustration makes aggression more likely
296285922	Reward Theory of Attraction	Theory that we will like those whose behavior is rewarding to us and that we will continue relationshps that offer more rewards than costs.