Psych Chapter 11

139759846	concepts	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or peoples
139759847	prototypes	a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to this provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category
139759848	algorithm	a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier- but also more error-prone -use of heuristics
139759849	heuristic	a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms
139759850	insight	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions
139759851	confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions
139759852	mental set	a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
139759853	fixation	according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage in which conflicts were unresolved
139759854	functional fixedness	the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving
139759855	representativeness heuristic	judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information
139759856	availability heuristic	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events as common
139759857	overconfideience	the tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgements
139759858	framing	the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements
139759859	belief bias	the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid
139759860	belief perseverance	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
139759861	Alfred Binet	1857-1911; Field: testing; Contributions: general IQ tests, designed test to identify slow learners in need of remediation-not applicable in the U.S. because too culture-bound (French)
139759862	mental age	a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance.
139759863	Louis Terman	revised Binet's IQ test and established norms for American children.
139759864	Stanford-intelligence tests	constructed by Lewis Terman, originally used ratio IQ (MA/CA x 100); now based on deviation from mean
139759865	Binet IQ test	Visual coordination, verbal knowledge, knowledge of objects in pictures, perceptual discrimination, definitions, visual memory, sentence completion, comprehension
139759866	intelligence quotient	defined originally as the ratio of metal age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ=ma/ca x100).
139759867	intelligence	mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
139759868	reification	giving an abstract concept a name and then treating it as though it were a concret, tangible object
139759869	factor analysis	a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total score
139759870	general intelligence (g)	a factor that according to Spearman and others underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test
139759871	Charles Spearman	intelligence; found that specific mental talents were highly correlated, concluded that all cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled 'g' (general ability)
139759872	Howard Gardner	1943-present; Field: intelligence; Contributions: devised the theory of multiple intelligences (logical-mathematic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, linguistic, musical, interpersonal, naturalistic)
139759873	multiple intelligence	Gardner - We do not just have a general intelligence but many factors as to why we are intelligent; may be good at one thing but not another
139759874	savant syndrome	a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing
139759875	Robert Sternberg	1949-present; Field: intelligence; Contributions: devised the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (academic problem-solving, practical, and creative)
139759876	triarchic theory	theory proposed by Robert Sternberg that states that intelligence consists of three parts including analytic, creative, and pratical
139759877	emotional intelligence	the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
139759878	aptitude test	a test design to predict a person's future performance
139759879	achievement test	a test designed to test what a person has learned
139759880	Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)	this is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests
139759881	Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)	An IQ test designed for school-age ochildren. The test assesses potential in many areas, including vocabulary, general knowledge, memory, and spatial comprehension,
139759882	standardization	defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pre-tested standardization group
139759883	normal curve	the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes
139759884	Flynn effect	the worldwide phenomenon that shows intelligence test performance has been increasing over the years
139759885	reliability	the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves on the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting
139759886	validity	the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to be
139759887	content validity	the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to be
139759888	criterion	the behavior (such as future college grades) that a test (such as the SAT) is designed to predict; thus, the measure used in defining whether the test has predictive validity
139759889	predictive validity	the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and criterion behavior (also called criterion-related validity)
139759890	mental retardation	a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound
139759891	stereotype threat	a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
139759892	Down syndrome	a condition of mental retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one's genetic makeup