AP Government Term List Two (Includes Cases)

207877210	Gideon v Wainwright	guarantees the right to legal counsel in non-capital cases
207877211	Mapp v Ohio	incorporation of constitutionally-obtained evidence
207877212	Bakke v Regents	race may be used as a factor but not as a means of quota
207877213	Texas v Johnson	allowed for the symbolic expression of flag-burning
207877214	Red Lion Broadcasting v Federal Communication Commission	disallowed words
207877215	Coker v Georgia	rape does not warrant death
207877216	Thomson v Oklahoma	minors cannot be put to death legally
207877217	Gregg v Georgia	death penalty is not "cruel and unusual"
207877218	Olmstead v United States	wire-taps are against Third and Fifth
207877219	Roe v Wade	abortion is upheld by right to privacy
207877220	Snyder v Phelps	picketing at military funerals is allowed
207877221	Near v Minnesota	prior restraint is against the First in newspapers
207877222	Lemon v Kurtzman	provided three conditions for federal aid to religious schools
207877223	Zelmon v Simmons-Harris	vouchers may be used for religious schools
207877224	Engel v Vitale	no teacher-led prayer
207877225	School District of Abington Township, Pennsylvania v Schempp	no teacher-led Bible reading
207877226	Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v Smith	laws may be passed against a religious practice if it is illegal
207877227	Christian Legal Society v Martinez	religious groups may not ban individuals for sexual orientation
207931606	Gitlow v New York	overturned Barron v Baltimore and provided for incorporation through the Fourteenth
207931607	Fourteenth Amendment	provides for selective incorporation
207931608	Incorporation Doctrine	the concept in which the Bill of Rights is incorporated into state legislature
207931609	Wolf v Colorado	unreasonable searches and seizures are illegal (incorporation into states)
207931610	Griswold v Connecticut	the right to privacy is incorporated
207931611	Freedom of Expression	the freedom to express one's opinions and facts through speech, writing, or any symbolic expression
207931612	Gag Order	a court order that prohibits media coverage of a case for possible corruption of results
207931613	Actual Malice	real, negative intent with a reckless disregard for the truth
207931614	Zurcher v Stanford Daily	a search may be conducted on a newspaper without violating freedom of the press
207931615	Obscenity	a word or action that is considered offensive, without scientific, literary, or artistic merit
207931616	Roth v United States	obscenity is not a form of protected expression
207931617	Miller v California	defines obscenity:
207931618	Libel	false statements in printed text
207931619	Slander	false statements in expressed speech
207931620	Defamation of Character	statements that insult another's character
207931621	New York Times v Sullivan	public figures may sue newspapers if they can prove intent
207931622	Symbolic Speech	expression of beliefs without use of writing or speech
207931623	Commercial Speech	speech for the purpose of selling products
207931624	Clear and Present Danger Test	freedom of speech may be restricted in the presence of a "clear and present danger"
207931625	Miami Herald Publishing Company v Tornillo	newspapers cannot be required to publish replies from politicians they have criticized
207931626	Freedom of Assembly	the right to peacefully come together
207931627	NAACP v Alabama	the NAACP does not have to release its membership lists; affirms the freedom of assembly
207931628	Probable Clause	reasonable cause for search or arrest
207931629	Unreasonable Searches and Seizures	searches and seizures that are based on faulty reasoning
207931630	Search Warrant	a legal document stating that authorities have the right to search for evidence
207931631	Exclusionary Rule	prohibits evidence that is not constitutionally-acquired
207931632	Fifth Amendment	prohibits self-incrimination, double jeopardy, and assures due process of the law
207931633	Self-Incrimination	the act in which a person is forced to confess information
207931634	Miranda v Arizona	established the Miranda Rights
207931635	Sixth Amendment	provides the right to counsel and to a fair and speedy trial
207931636	Plea Bargaining	the act of negotiating for a lower punishment by pleading guilty
207931637	Eighth Amendment	no excessive bails or fines, and no cruel and unusual punishments
207931638	Cruel and Unusual Punishment	punishments that are cruel or inappropriate for crimes, or punishments of public humiliation
207931639	Gregg v Georgia	death punishment is not cruel or unusual because it is only applied to fitting crimes
207931640	McCleskey v Kemp	death penalty is not discriminate towards minorities, and does not violate the Fourteenth
207931641	Right to Privacy	the right to keep one's life private providing it is not illegal
207931642	Planned Parenthood v Casey	reaffirmed Roe v Wade, and allowed for further restrictions on abortion
207931643	Civil Rights	rights of being a citizen, granted equally under the law
207931644	Scott v Sandford	an escaped slave does not have rights
207931645	Plessy v Ferguson	allowed for "separate but equal" public facilities
207931646	Brown v Board of Education	overturned Plessy v Ferguson, ruling that "separate but equal" is inherently unequal
207967048	Civil Rights Act of 1964	ensured that racial, gender and religious discrimination is illegal in hiring practices; allowed for the justice department to enforce this
207967049	Suffrage	the right to vote
207967050	Poll Taxes	taxes applied unfairly for voting
207967051	White Primary	the ban of minorities from voting in primary elections
207967052	Grandfather Clause to the Literacy Test	those who's grandfathers could vote would not need to take the literacy test
207967053	Literacy Test	a test on voting applied unfairly at elections
207967054	Twenty-Fourth Amendment	outlawed poll taxes in federal elections
207967055	Voting Rights Act of 1965	eliminated literacy tests as a way to block minorities from the electoral process
207967056	Korematsu v United States	upheld Executive Order 9066
207967057	Nineteenth Amendment	granted the right to vote to citizens regardless of gender
207967058	De Facto Segregation	segregation that happens due to situation
207967059	De Jure Segregation	segregation that happens due to legislation
207967060	Busing	an attempt to integrate schools through the use of busing African Americans to schools outside of their area
207967061	Civil Disobedience	an act of protest in which protestors peacefully ignore or oppose laws they believe are unjust
207967062	Equal Rights Amendment	bans discrimination based on gender; not ratified
207967063	Reed v Reed	first case to uphold gender discrimination
207967064	Craig v Boren	judicial branch has medium scrutiny for determining constitutionality of laws relating to gender discrimination based on constitutional argument and good reason
207967065	Title IX of the Education Act of 1972	women's sports should get as much attention as men's sports
207967066	National Organization for Women	interest group of feminists
207967067	Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964	prohibits discrimination based on race, origin, religion and gender in employment
207967068	The Equal Pay Act of 1963	the two genders should have the same pay for the same amount of work
207967069	The Glass Ceiling	a conceptual barrier that allows women to see higher positions of employment, but not to reach them
207967070	Comparable Worth	the issue of women holding traditionally female jobs and being paid less than men working at jobs with similar requirements
207967071	Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990	an unfunded mandate stating that all public facilities must be accessible to all disabled people
207967072	Affirmative Action	a policy that attempts to counter the contemporary racial discrimination by making minority status a factor in hiring and student admissions
207967073	Regents of the University of California v Bakke	quotas may not be used for college admission
207967074	Adarand Constructors v Pena	strict scrutiny on programs that use race as a basis for making decisions, even for the purpose of extending opportunities to minorities
207967075	Gratz v Bollinger	Michigan University's points system that provided advantage to minority groups is too much like a quota
207967076	Grutter v Bollinger	race can be used as a factor in student applications, so long as it is not a major factor
207967077	Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967	prohibits age discrimination of citizens forty years or older in hiring
207967078	Emily's List	interest groups to promote women in politics
207967079	Civil Liberties	liberties in thought and most action that are available to all citizens
207967080	First Amendment	freedom of expression, freedom of the press and freedom of religion
207967081	Barron v Baltimore	the Bill of Rights do not apply to the states
207967082	Establishment Clause	Congress shall not pass laws that enforce, benefit or damage religion
208796514	The Bill of Rights	the first ten amendments to the Constitution; established the rights of the people
218821103	Pollock v. Farmer's Loan and Trust Company	a SC case that declared the income tax of 1894 unconstitutional