AP Comparative Government Russia 2011

Concept List by Country

199067376	Autonomous republic	a territorial unit in the Soviet Union that was a member of the USSR They were populated by a large national (ethnic) of which it drew its name. They enjoyed little actual autonomy in the Soviet period. Upon the fall of the USSR, these republics became sovereign states within the Russian Federation.
199067377	nomenklatura	The selection process for the chosen few who command the communist bureaucracy within communist party circles in Russia and China.
199067378	Collectivization	Stalin in the late 1920s and early 1930s and in China under Mao in the 1950s, took over privatized agricultural land and turned them into State Owned Enterprises (SOE's).
199067379	Okrug	one of ten territorial units of the Russian Federation that are defined by the constitution of 1993 to be among the eighty-nine members of the federation with a status equal to that of the republics, oblasts and krai.
199067380	Command economy	a strict form of socialism where governmental decisions dominate the economy with a myriad of central planning institutions.
199067381	Democratic centralism	An organized state designed by Lenin to control all aspects of the political system. Discipline and adherence to party dogma is "central" to running the state organization .
199067382	demokratizatsia	the policy of democratization led by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in 1987. It was as an essential part of perestroika. The dictatorship of the elite was left behind in what eventually evolved into a multiparty state.
199067383	Federal system (state)	A distribution of power between national and state governments, usually outlined in a formal document.
199067384	glasnost:	Gorbachev's policy of "openness" or "publicity" which mirrored Deng's Democracy Movement of 1981.
199067385	Krai:	one of six territorial units in the Russian Federation that lies in vastly unpopulated areas. . Its political status equals the Oblasts (non Russian territories) and became a member of the 89 member federation.
199067386	rule of law	a state where the law prevails without party interference; a fundamental principle of Gorbachev's revolution.
199067387	Market Reform	A move toward a capitalistic society in a democracy like Russia or a "market" initiative in a country like China, where a central party still dictates movement within the economy.
199067388	Marxism-Leninism	Marxism promotes the class struggle between workers and owners. Proletariat versus the bourgeoisies. `Lenin added the ingredients to how a central party would become a dictatorship of the elite and move the Marxist society along as a first step on the road to communism.
199067389	Oligarchs	Russian Captains of Industry who wield tremendous economic power but politically have been cut off from political power by Vladimir Putin. Most seized power during the Shock therapy session of Yeltsin in the 1990.s
199067390	Perestroika	a decentralization of economic decision making that also encouraged a lessening of tensions with other adversarial nations including the United States.
199067391	Privatization voucher:	a certificate worth 10,000 rubles issued by the government to each Russian citizen in 1992 to be used to purchase shares in state enterprises undergoing the process of privatization. Vouchers could also be sold for cast or disposed of through newly created investment funds.
199067392	Proletariat	the industrial working class, under Marxist's communist state.
199067393	Proportional representation (PR)	is determined by party lists according to voting results
199067394	Shock therapy	the state simultaneously imposing a wide range of radical economic changes, with the purpose of "shocking" the economy into a new mode of operation. Russia attempted this in the early 1990s and led to massive inflation and a ruble crisis.
199067395	Spontaneous privatization	a process that occurred in the late 1980s and early 1990s in Russia which existing managers or ministry bureaucrats transformed promising state-owned enterprises into privatized entities in their own hands, without the existence of a clear legal framework for doing so.
199067396	Statist	the state takes control of all economic and social policy within a country.