Unit 5: Consciousness

244810540	biological rhythm	hormone level, blood pressure, and sleep/wake cycle all play a role in consciousness
244810541	three types of biological rhythms	circadian, intradian, ultrarian
244810542	circadian rhythms	24 hour cycle, endogenous, determined by superchiasmatic nucleus, level of melatonin helps, sleep/wake determined by
244810543	intradian rhythms	occur less than once a day, less applicable to humans than other animals, form SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder: winter=low daylight=low mood)
244810544	ultrarian rhythms	occur more than once a day, on 90-min schedule, [ex: sleep stages, appetite/digestion processes
244810545	entrainment	synchronization of bio rhythms with external cues, like daylight fluctuations (ex: alarm clock, time zones)
244810546	desynchronization	bio rhythms getting out of wack; can occur with jet lag or shift work
244810547	consciousness	awareness of environment and ourselves
244810548	different stages of consciousness	conscious, nonconscious, preconscious, subconscious, unconscious,
244810549	conscious	info about yourself and your environment of which you are currently aware
244810550	nonconscious	body processes controlled by mind that we are not usually (or ever) aware of [ex: breathing hair/nail growth, heartbeat]
244810551	preconscious	info that you are not currently think about, but is accessible upon request
244810552	subconscious	info we aren't currently aware of but we know must exist due to behavior [ex: mere-exposure effect, priming [subliminal processing)]
244810553	unconscious	(most controversial) repression of some events into unconscious mind, as our body believes some events and feelings to be unacceptable to our conscious mind (acc. to psychoanalytic psychologists)
244810554	three key neurological components of consciousness (according to Naccache)	1) ability to report to ourselves/others the content of the representation 2) ability to sustain a representation over time 3) ability to broadcast the signals
244810555	dualism	"thought is eternal and continues existing after brain and body die"
244810556	monism	thought is a by-product of brain processes and stops existing when body dies
244810557	theories proposed to explain human need for sleep	1) restores effectiveness of the body and brain 2) adaptive mechanism: energy conservation when food not plentiful/ lay low when predators were prowling (see famous sleep study on DJ Peter Tripp)
244810558	problems from sleep deprivation	deprived of delta wave sleep: susceptible to illness and physically exhausted dep. of REM interferes with memory
244810559	major elements of sleep cycle	pre-sleep, stages 1-4, REM (3 and 4 have been combined by some modern researchers)
244810560	sleep stage one	slowing pulse, muscle relaxation, minor hallucinations, hyponogogic sensations (floating, knee jerks) brain may still produce alpha waves, then brain starts to produce slower theta waves
244810561	sleep stage two	brain still produces theta waves, brain shows periodic bursts of activity, called sleep spindles
244810562	sleep stage three	brain displays large and slow delta waves (person difficult to awaken, and if forced to wake up you are groggy),
244810563	sleep stage four	even slower delta waves than st 3; after period in delta sleep, brain waves start to speed up and we go through st. 3 & 2
244810564	sleep stage REM	(sometimes called paradoxical sleep) brain activity, heart rate, blood pressure, and other aspects of body closely resemble waking consciousness; periods are longer when day is stressful or the longer we're asleep; dreams usually occur
244810565	major theories proposed to explain dreams	Freud's Psychoanalytic Dream, activation synthesis, reciprocal interaction theory, mental house-keeping/reverse learning, problem-focused approach/information processing
244810566	Freud's Psychoanalytic Dream theory	emphasized dream interpretation to uncover repressed info in unconscious mind; dreams are wish fufilling; manifest content (actual events in dream/word-for-word narrative) , latent content (underlying meaning behind dream events),
244810567	mental house-keeping/reverse learning theory	bizarre content of drams reflects brains effort to free itself of irrelevant info and repetitious thoughts/associations
244810568	problem-focused approach/information processing	dreaming assists in formation of memory and solving or dealing with problems one experiences in waking life
244810569	reciprocal-interaction theory	REM and dreams are turned on and off by war of neuron networks in pons; acetylcholine caused neuron to fire in limbic system and pons
244810570	activation synthesis theory	dreams are generated by random outbursts of nerve cell activity, and do not mean anything
244810571	sleep disorders discussed in class	insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, night terrors
244810572	insomnia	difficulty in sleeping or remaining asleep affects 10% of population temporary, stress-related long term causes psych./phys. problems treatment: limit stimulant intake, exercise, consistent sleep pattern (doctors don't like sleeping pills bc disturb sleep patterns and prevents restful sleep)
244810573	narcolepsy	genetic, less than 0.01% of population period of intense sleepiness and may fall asleep at unpredictable and inappropriate times cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hypnogogic hallucinations
244810574	hypnogogic hallucinations	in narcolepsy: vivid, often frightening dream-like experiences occur while dozing, falling asleep, and/or awakening
244810575	automatic behavior	in narcolepsy: person cont to function during sleep episode, but awakens w/ no memory of events
244810576	sleep paralysis	in narcolepsy: temporary inability to talk/move when waking up
244810577	cataplexy	in narcolepsy: fall straight into REM sleep
244810578	sleep apnea	breathing difficulties during night and exhaustion during day body causes person to wake up slightly and gasp for air, then sleep continues (robs of deep sleep) symptoms: mood, cognitive, physical problems obese and elderly are most affected treatment: weight loss, change sleeping patterns, respiratory devices, medications, sometimes surgery
244810579	night terrors	high arousal and appearance of being terrified,occur during deep sleep, usually not remembered, most people stop having as they get older
244810580	hypnosis	social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feeling, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
244810581	theories proposed to explain hypnosis	role theory, state theory, dissociation theory
244810582	dissociation theory of hypnosis	hypnosis causes us to divide our conscious voluntarily
244810583	state theory of hypnosis	neurologically based; hypnotists seem to be able to suggest that we become more or less aware of our environment
244810584	role theory of hypnosis	some people have high levels of hypnotic suggestibility (eager to do what is asked)
244810585	indications of hypnosis research	researchers agree: 1) hypnotic state is not sleep 2) hypnotic responsiveness depends more on efforts and qualities of person being hypnotized than on skill of hypnotists
244810586	agonist	drugs that mimic neurotransmitters
244810587	antagonist	drugs that block neurotransmitters
244810588	depressants	drugs that slow the activity of nervous system
244810589	common depressants	alcohol, tranquilizers including barbituates
244810590	impact of depressants	slowed reaction time, reduced memory, decreased anxiety, increased relaxation and sleep
244810591	early signs of alcoholism	insomnia, frequent falls, drinking in the AM, blackouts, increased anxiety and irritability, decreased work performance
244810592	late signs of alcoholism	malnutrition, cirrhosis of the liver, other vital organ damage (heart and stomach), brain damage. in extreme cases: Korsakov's Syndrome
244810593	why is withdrawal from alcohol dangerous?	if DTs occur (5% chance) there is a 35% chance of death.
244810594	stimulants	drugs that increase activity of nervous system
244810595	common stimulants	caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine
244810596	impact of stimulants	increased alertness, stimulation, euphoria.
244810597	neurological impact of meth	formication (bugs under the skin hallucination), paranoia, auditory and visual halluctinations, feelings of braveness, loss of appetite
244810598	why is it difficult to quit meth?	addicts chase the original high, searching for something to give them a dopamine rush
244810599	hallucinogens	drugs that distort consciousness by inducing hallucinations and illusions
244810600	common hallucinogens	marijuana, LSD, ecstasy (MDMA)
244810601	impact of hallucinogens on human mind and body	hallucinations, synesthesia, relaxation, euphoria
244810602	marijuana	THC from cannabis sativa plant
244810603	impact of marijuana	affected brain areas: hippocampus, cerebellum, basal ganglia and hypothalamus
244810604	why is marijuana controversial?	there are legal battles over whether or not there may be medical benefits to the drug or if it's a gateway drug
244810605	opiates	drugs sometimes called narcotics. powerful painkillers and mood elevators
244810606	common opiates	heroin, morphine, methadone, codeine
244810607	impact of opiates	drowsiness and euphoria. increase endorphins and related NTs
244810608	common opiate withdrawal symptoms	goosebumps, nausea, constipation, sometimes coma and death
244810609	biological model of drug addiction	addiction is genetic/biological. once an addict always an addict. must abstain forever. solution: medical treatment and group therapy.
244810610	learning model of drug addiction	addiction is a maladaptive coping mechanism. alcoholics may be able to return to drinking moderately. Solution: learn new coping mechanisms and change the environment. Think Rat Park.
244810611	in what situations is drug abuse most likely to become a chronic/persistent problem?	X
244810612	William Dement	discovered sleep stages 1-4, professor at Stanford
244810613	Eugene Aserinsky	along with Kleitman, discovered REM sleep
244810614	Nathaniel Kleitman	along with Aserinsky, discovered REM sleep
244810615	Sigmund Freud	duh, you know who he is proposed psychoanalytic dream theory
244810616	J. Allen Hobson	with McCarley, proposed activation-synthesis theory of dreaming
244810617	Robert McCarley	with Hobsen, proposed activation-synthesis theory of dreaming
244810618	Ernest Hilgard	established dissociation theory of hypnosis; asked hypnotized participant to put arm in an ice bath, asked to lift finger if they felt pain--most did lift finger ("hidden observer" theory)
244810619	Nicholas Spanos	established role theory of hypnosis
244810620	Anton Mesmer	proponant of hypnosis ("animal magnetism" trance-like state induced)
244845471	NT associated with caffeine	reduced adenosine
244845472	NT associated with nicotine	stimulates acetylcholine
244845473	NTs associated with amphetamines	stimulates dopamine and norepinephrine
244845474	NTs associated with cocaine	increased levels of dopamine, seratonin and norepinephrine
244845475	stages of alcohol withdrawal	Tremulous stage, seizures, hallucinations DTs