AP Biology Semester 1 Vocabulary

290355529	Active Site	The site on an enzyme to which the substrate binds
290355530	Allosteric Site	The site on an enzyme to which molecules bind; may change the shape of the enzyme
290355531	Enzyme	A protein that act as a catalyst, changing the rate of a reaction
290355532	Substrate	The substance on which an enzyme acts
290355533	Denaturation	Process in which a protein unravels due to excessive heat or change in pH
290355534	Amine	Functional group that consists of a nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen atoms
290355535	Amino Acid	The building block of proteins
290355536	Glycogen	A storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscles of animals.
290355537	Nucleic Acid	A polymer that serves as a blueprint for building proteins
290355538	Monosaccharide	The building block of carbohydrates
290573886	Buffer	A substance that minimizes the changes in pH
290573887	Carbohydrate	A family of compounds including sugars and starches
290573888	Carboxyl	A functional group consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom
290573889	Cholesterol	A steroid found in animal cells that acts as a precursor to other important steroids
290573890	Lipid	A family of compounds including fats and steroids that are insoluble in water
290573891	Catabolic Pathway	A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down molecules
290573892	Dehydration Synthesis	A chemical reaction in which two molecules bond to each other with the removal of water.
290573893	Hydrolysis	Process that splits molecules by the addition of water
290573894	Homeostasis	The steady-state physiological condition of the body
290573895	Feedback Inhibition	A method of metabolic control in which the end-product acts as an inhibitor to an enzyme within that pathway
290573896	Cohesion	The attraction of like molecules
290573897	Polar Molecule	A molecule with opposite charges on opposite sides
290573898	Polymer	A large molecule consisting of many identical building blocks bonded together
290573899	Protein	A macromolecule built from the bonding of amino acids.
290573900	Phosphate Group	A functional group important in energy transfer
290573901	Competitive Inhibitor	A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics
290573902	Noncompetitive Inhibitor	A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to an allosteric site and changing the shape of the enzyme so it no longer fits with its substrate
290573903	Induced Fit	The change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds better to the substrate
290573904	Negative Feedback	The primary mechanism of homeostasis whereby a change triggers a response to counteract the change
290573905	Hydrogen Bond	A weak chemical attraction formed when the positive end of one molecule is attracted to the negative end of another molecule
290573906	Endergonic Reaction	A non-spontaneous reaction in which energy is absorbed from the surroundings
290573907	Exergonic Reaction	A spontaneous reaction in which there is a net release of free energy
290573908	Free Energy	The amount of energy available to do work and power anabolic reactions
290573909	Entropy	A quantitative measurement of disorder
290573910	Macromolecule	Includes carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids
290573911	Monomer	The subunit that serves as a building block for a polymer
290573912	Nucleotide	The building block of a nucleic acid
290573913	Polypeptide	A polymer of many amino acids linked together
290573914	Polysaccharide	A polymer consisting of hundreds of glucose molecules bonded together
290573915	Primary Structure	Level of protein formation that refers to the specific amino acid sequence
290573916	Quaternary Structure	The particular shape of a complex protein, defined by a characteristic 3-D arrangement of subunits, each a polypeptide
290573917	Saturated Fatty Acid	A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrophobic tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogens that can be held
290573918	Secondary Structure	The coiling or folding of a polypeptide backbone due to hydrogen bond formation
290573919	Tertiary Structure	Irregular contortions of a protein molecule due to interactions of side chains involved in hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds & disulfide bridges
290573920	Unsaturated Fatty Acid	A fatty acid containing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrophobic tail, thus reducing the number of hydrogens that can be held
290573921	Aposmatic Coloration	Bright oranges and reds that signal a warning to predators
290573922	Batesian Mimicry	A type of mimicry in which a harmless species looks like a different species that is poisonous or harmful to predators
290573923	Mullerian Mimicry	A mutual mimicry by two unpalatable species
290573924	K-selection	The concept that in certain populations, life history is centered around producing relatively few offspring that have a good chance of survival
290573925	r-selection	A concept that in certain populations, a high reproductive rate is the chief determinant of life history
290573926	Primary Consumer	An herbivore; eats plants or algae
290573927	Primary Succession	A type of succession that occurs in an area where there were originally no organisms
290573928	Primary Producer	An autotroph, which collectively make up the trophic level of an ecosystem that ultimately supports all other levels
290573929	Primary Productivity	The rate at which light energy and inorganic chemical energy is converted into the chemical energy of organic compounds by autotrophs
290573930	Secondary Succession	A type of succession that occurs where an existing community has been severely cleared by some disturbance
290573931	Autotroph	An organism that uses energy from the sun or other inorganic substances to make organic molecules from inorganic ones
290573932	Heterotroph	An organism that obtains food by eating other organisms or their by-products
290573933	Food Chain	The pathway along which food is transferred from trophic level to trophic level, beginning with producers
290573934	Trophic Level	The division of species in an ecosystem on the basis of their main nutritional source
290573935	Ecosystem	A level of ecological study that includes all the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact
290573936	Biogeochemical Cycle	Various nutrient circuits which involves both biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems
290573937	Ecological Succession	Transition in the species composition of a biological community often following a disturbance of the community
290573938	Greenhouse Effect	The warming of planet Earth due to the atmospheric accumulation of carbon dioxide, which absorbs infrared radiation and slows down its escape from the Earth
290573939	Exponential Population Growth	The increase of a population as it grows in an ideal, unlimited environment
290573940	Logistic Population Growth	A model describing population growth that levels off as population size approaches carrying capacity.
290573941	Biological Magnification	A trophic process in which retained substances become more concentrated with each link in the food chain
290573942	Carrying Capacity	The maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources
290573943	Competitive Exclusion Principle	The concept that when the populations of two species compete for the same limited resources, one population will use the resources more efficiently and have a reproductive advantage that will eventually lead to the elimination of the other populations
290573944	Principle of Allocation	The concept that each organism has an energy budget for all of its maintenance and reproductive needs
290573945	Resource Partitioning	The division of environmental resources by coexisting species such that the niche of each species differs by one or more significant factors
290573946	Abiotic	The nonliving components of an ecosystem
290573947	Biotic	The living components of an ecosystem
290573948	Detritus	Dead organic matter
290573949	Lichen	An organisms formed by the symbiotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic alga(e)
290573950	Transpiration	The evaporative water loss from a plant
290573951	Commensalism	A relationship in which the symbiont benefits but the host is neither helped nor harmed
290573952	Mutualism	A relationship in which the host and the symbiont both benefit
290573953	Parasitism	A relationship in which the symbiont benefits at the expense of its host by either living in it or on it
290573954	Symbiosis	An ecological relationship between organisms of two different species that live together in direct contact
290573955	Food Web	The elaborate, interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem
290573956	Density-Dependent Factor	Any factor influencing population regulation that has a greater impact as population density increases
290573957	Density-Independent Factor	Any factor influencing population regulation that acts to reduce population by the same percentage regardless of size
290573958	Nitorgen Fixation	The assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by certain prokaryotes into nitrogenous compounds that can be directly used by plants
290573959	Secondary Consumer	A member of a trophic level consisting of carnivores that eat herbivores
290573960	Tertiary Consumer	A member of a trophic level consisting of carnivores that eat mainly other carnivores
290573961	Savanna	Tropical biome with scattered individual trees, large herbivores and three distinct seasons based primarily on rainfall, maintained by occasional fires & drought
290573962	Taiga	A coniferous forest biome, characterized by considerable snow, harsh winters, short summers, and evergreen trees
290573963	Temperate Deciduous Forest	A biome located at mid-latitudes where there is sufficient moisture to support the growth of large, broad-leaf trees
290573964	Tropical Rain Forest	The most complex of all communities; harbors more species of plants than all other terrestrial biomes combined
290573965	Tundra	A biome at the extreme limits of plant growth; at northernmost limits and high altitudes, where plant forms are limited to low shrubby or mat-like vegetation
290573966	Classical Conditioning	A type of learning where a normally irrelevant stimulus is associated with a fixed behavioral response
290573967	Operant Conditioning	A type of learning that directly affects behavior in a natural context; associating a behavior with a reward or punishment
290573968	Habituation	A type of learning involving a loss of sensitivity to unimportant stimuli, allowing an animal to conserve time and energy
290573969	Fixed Action Pattern	A highly stereotypical behavior that is innate and must be carried to completion once initiated
290573970	Imprinting	A type of learned behavior with a significant innate component, acquired during a limited critical period
290573971	Insight Learning	The ability of an animal to perform a correct or appropriate behavior on the first attempt in a situation with which it has had no prior experience
290573972	Altruistic Behavior	The aiding of another individual at one's own risk or expense
290573973	Agonistic Behavior	A type of behavior involving a contest of some kind that determines which competitor gains access to some resource such as food or mate
290573974	Sign Stimulus	An external sensory stimulus that triggers a fixed action pattern
290573975	Taxis	A movement toward or away from a stimulus
290573976	Cell Wall	Protective layer found in plant, fungal, some bacterial and protist cells
290573977	Plasma Membrane	Surrounds all cells and controls what substances move in and out
290573978	Centriole	Found in animal cells; involved in cell division
290573979	Chloroplast	Captures light energy from the sun for the process of photosynthesis
290573980	Mitochondrion	Burns glucose and oxygen to produce ATP for cellular energy
290573981	Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum	Functions to detoxify poisons and synthesize more membrane
290573982	Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum	Studded with ribosomes that help with protein synthesis
290573983	Golgi Apparatus	Organelle that modifies, stores, and routes products
290573984	Lysosome	Contains hydrolytic enzymes for digesting various molecules in eukaryotic cells
290573985	Vacoule	A membrane-bound sac used for storage
290573986	Eukaryotic Cell	Has a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles present in protists, plants, animals, and fungi
290573987	Prokaryotic Cell	Lacks membrane-bound nucleus or organelles; present Bacteria and Archea
290573988	Flagellum	Long appendage used for locomotion
290573989	Ribosome	Site of protein synthesis
290573990	Nucleus	Chromosome-containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell
290573991	Microfilament	A solid rod of actin protein; makes up part of the cytoskeleton and causes cell contraction
290573992	Microtubule	Hollow rod of protein found in cilia, flagella, and the cytoskeleton
290573993	Organelle	Specialized structures suspended in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
290573994	Fluid Mosaic Model	Cell membrane structure with a phospholipid bilayer with scattered proteins throughout
290573995	Selective Permeability	Property of membranes that allow some things through but not others.
290573996	Plasmolysis	When the plasma membrane shrivels away from the cell wall due to a loss of water to a hypertonic environment
290573997	Plasmodesma	Open channel in the cell walls of plants that connect adjacent cells
290573998	Gap Junction	Intercellular junction in animal cells that allows the passage of material between cells
290573999	Nucleolus	Functions in the formation of ribosomes
290574000	Intermediate Filament	A component of the cytoskeleton that includes protein rods of middle sizes
290574001	Active Transport	Movement across a semi-permeable membrane against its concentration gradient
290574002	Pinocytosis	Process where fluids and dissolved substances are brought into a cell
290574003	Phagocytosis	Process where large molecules are brought into a cell
290574004	Exocytosis	Cellular secretion of macromolecules by the fusion of vesicles with the cell membrane
290574005	Osmosis	The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane
290574006	Chemiosmosis	Production of ATP using the energy of hydrogen-ion gradeints across membranes to phosphorylate ADP
290574007	Diffusion	Movement of molecules from a high concentration to a lower concentration
290574008	Endocytosis	Cellular uptake of macromolecules
290574009	Facilitated Diffusion	Movement of molecules down the concentration gradient with the help of carrier proteins
290574010	Passive Transport	Movement of substances across a biological membrane with the concentration gradient
290574011	Endosymbionic Theory	A hypothesis about the origin of eukaryotic cells; idea that prokaryotic cells lived inside larger cells
290574012	Proton Pump	Active transport that forces H+ ions out of a cell and generating a membrane potential because of the movement
290574013	Sodium-Potassium Pump	Special transport using proteins to move Na+ ions out of a cell and K+ ions in, against their concentration gradients
290574014	Phospholipid	Molecules that make up the cell membrane consisting of a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails
290649215	Hydrophobic	Water-fearing
290649216	Hydrophilic	Water-loving
290649217	Hypertonic Solution	A solution with a greater concentration of solute than another
290649218	Hypotonic Solution	A solution with a lesser concentration of solute than another
290649219	Acetyl CoA	The entry compound for the Krebs Cycle in cellular respiration
290649220	Rubisco	Enzyme that catalyzes the addition of CO2 to RuBP in the Calvin Cycle
290649221	Photon	A burst of light energy
290649222	Chlorophyll	A green pigment that absorbs light energy for the light reactions of photosynthesis
290649223	ATP	Its energy is used to drive endergonic reactions when its terminal phosphate is hydrolyzed
290649224	C3 Plant	A plant that the prefaces the Calvin cycle with reactions that incorporate CO2 into organic material by forming a three-carbon molecule as the first stable intermediate
290649225	C4 Plant	A plant that prefaces the Calvin cycle with reactions that incorporate CO2 into four-carbon compounds
290649226	CAM Plant	A plant that uses an adaptation for photosynthesis in dry conditions where carbon dioxide enters open stomata at night
290649227	Stroma	The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the grana and involved in the Calvin Cycle of photosynthesis
290649228	Thylakoid	Flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast used to convert light energy to chemical energy for photosynthesis
290649229	Aerobic	Containing oxygen; a cellular process that required oxygen
290649230	Anaerobic	Referring to an organism or cellular process that lacks oxygen
290649231	Photorespiration	A metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen, releases carbon dioxide but generates no ATP
290649232	Stoma	A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves & stems that allow gas exchange
290649233	Turgid	Firm as a result of the entry of water from a hypotonic environment
290649234	Calvin Cycle	The second stage of photosynthesis involved in fixing CO2 and reducing it into glucose
290649235	Krebs Cycle	Process that completes the breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide also producing NADH and FADH2
290649236	Light Reactions	The step of photosynthesis that occurs on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast and converts solar energy to ATP and NADPH
290649237	Glycolysis	Process that is the starting point of fermentation and aerobic respiration; splits glucose & form pyruvate
290649238	Oxidative Phosphorylation	The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain
290649239	Cellular Respiration	The most efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP using oxygen in the process
290649240	Cyclic Electron Flow	A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves only Photosystem I and produces ATP but not NADPH or oxygen
290649241	Noncyclic Electron Flow	Route of electrons that involves both photosystems and produces ATP, NADPH, and oxygen
290649242	Electron Transport Chain	A sequence of electron-carrier molecules that shuttle electrons during redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP
290649243	Fermentation	A catabolic process that makes only a limited amount of ATP from glucose without using oxygen
290649244	Noncyclic Phosphorylation	The production of ATP by electron flow through the electron transport chain in photosynthesis
290649245	Photophosphorylation	The process of generating ATP by means of a proton-motive force generated by the thylakoid membrane during the light reaction of photosynthesis
290649246	Photosynthesis	The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in glucose
290649247	Photosystem	The light harvesting unit in photosynthesis containing a reaction-center of chlorophyll a and the primary electron acceptor
290649248	Substrate Level Phosphorylation	The formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism
290649249	Turgor Pressure	An instrument that measures the proportions of light of different wavelengths absorbed and transmitted by a pigment solution
290649250	Spectrophotometer	An instrument that measures the proportions of light of different wavelengths absorbed and transmitted by a pigment solution