Psychology (Myers, 8E) Chapter 10

21228755	cognition	the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
21228756	concept	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
21228757	prototype	a mental image or best example of a category
21228758	algorithm	a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier -- but also more error-prone -- use of heuristics
21228759	heuristic	a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms
21228760	insight	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions
21228761	confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions
21228762	fixation	the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving
21228763	mental set	a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
21228764	functional fixedness	the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving
21228765	representativeness heuristic	judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevent information
21228766	availability heuristic	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common
21228767	overconfidence	the tendency to be more confident than correct -- to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments
21228768	framing	the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments
21228769	belief bias	the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid
21228770	belief perseverance	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
21228771	language	our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
21228772	phoneme	in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
21228773	morpheme	in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)
21228774	grammar	in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
21228775	semantics	the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning
21228776	syntax	the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
21228777	babbling stage	beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech developing in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
21228778	one-word stage	the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words
21228779	two-word stage	beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements
21228780	telegraphic speech	early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram -- "go car" -- using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words
21228781	linguistic determinism	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think