LEBO Myers Psychology for AP- Unit 4

162962150	Sensation	Process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive stimulus energy.
162962151	Perception	Process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.
162962152	Bottom-Up Processing	Analysis begins with sensory receptors and works up to brain's integration of sensory information.
162962153	Top-Down Processing	Information processing guided by higher mental processes, or drawing perceptions based on our experiences.
162962154	Absolute Threshold	Minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus.
162962155	Signal Detection Theroy	Detection of a stimulus depends on the intensity of the stimulus, and the physical and psychological state of the individual.
162962156	Subliminal Perception	Below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness.
162962157	Difference Threshold	Minimum difference a person can detect between any two stimuli 50% of the time.
162962158	Weber's Law	To be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion (rather than a constant amount).
162962159	Sensory Adaptation	Diminished sensitivity as a result of constant stimulation.
162962160	Transduction	Sensory systems convert stimulus energy into neural messages.
162962161	Retina	Light sensitive inner surface of eye.
162962162	Rods	Visual receptor cells located on edge of retina, which detect black, white, gray and movement.
162962163	Cones	Visual receptor cells located in center of retina that detect color and sharp details.
162962164	Blind Spot	A point at which optic nerve leaves the eye.
162962165	Fovea	Central focal point in retina, where eye's cones cluster.
162962166	Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory	The retina contains receptor cells that are "tuned" to detect red, green or blue.
162962167	Opponent Process Theory	Color is processed in opponent pairs (red-green, yellow-blue, and black-white).
162962168	Conduction Hearing Loss	Damage to the mechanical system that sends sound waves to the cochlea (i.e. - a punctured eardrum).
162962169	Sensorineural Hearing Loss	Damage to the cochlea's hair cell receptors or their nerves (i.e. - aging, heredity, prolonged exposure to loud noise).
162962170	Sensory Interaction	One sense may influence another.
162962171	Gate-Control Theory	The spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain.
162962172	Vestibular Sense	The sense of body orientation and balance.
162962173	Cochlea	A coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger neural impulses.
162962174	Selective Attention	Focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, while excluding others.
162962175	Visual Cliff	The laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals.
162962176	Binocular Cues	Depth cues that require the use of both eyes.
162962177	Monocular Cues	Depth cues that require the use of only one eye.
162962178	Retinal Disparity	The difference between the images you see with the retinas in your left and right eyes.
162962179	Phi Phenomenon	Creating the illusion of movement when fixed lights are turned on and off.
162962180	Perceptual Constancy	Perceiving the shape, size, and lightness of an object as unchanging, even as retinal image of object changes.
162962181	Perceptual Set	A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another.
162962182	Extrasensory Perception (ESP)	The claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input.
162962183	Parapsychology	The study of paranormal phenomenon.
162962184	Optic Nerve	the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
162962185	Feature Detectors	nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement
162962186	Middle Ear	the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window
162962187	Basilar Membrane	A structure that runs the length of the cochlea in the inner ear and holds the auditory receptors, called hair cells.
162962188	Inner Ear	the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs
162962189	Accommodation	the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina, the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 205)/ in the theories of Jean Piaget: the modification of internal representations in order to accommodate a changing knowledge of reality
162962190	Kinesthesis	the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts
162962191	Visual Capture	the tendency for vision to dominate the other senses
162962192	Gestalt	an organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes
162962193	Depth Perception	the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance