Post-Modern Era (1914 to the Present)

136863968	Immediate Cause of World War I	• The crisis sometimes referred to as the "spark" that started the war came on June 28, 1914. While on a visit to Sarajevo (in Bosnia) Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, was assassinated in Sarajevo by a Serbian nationalist. Almost immediately, Germany pledged its support to Austria-Hungry, and with Austria-Hungry's declaration of war on Serbia a month later. Russia mobilized forces against Austria-Hungary in support of Serbia. A few days later, Germany declared war on Russia and then on France. Following the German invasion of Belgium, Britain declared war on Germany, and world war was well on its way
136863969	Immediate Cause of World War I	• The "isms" of nationalism, militarism, and imperialism combined with the new reality of entangling alliances ensured that this war would involve the entire European continent
136863970	Deng Xiaoping	• 1976; replaced Mao Zedong as leader of communist China; introduced new economic reforms but little extension of individual political rights. • ____ encouraged foreign investments of technology and capital.
136863971	Tiananmen Square (1989)	Chinese students peacefully protested lack of political freedoms; on Deng's orders the government opened fire on defenseless citizens and killed or wounded thousands; a demonstration of the importance that government placed on maintaining order; Deng Xiaoping, as a moderate leader, was willing to make economic reforms, but not political ones.
136863972	Mikhail Gorbachev	• Introduced reforms glastnost (openness) and perestroika (economic restructuring); led people to speak out against the Soviet state. • Mid-1991: communist hardliners attempted an unsuccessful coup d'etat, which was followed by Gorbachev's resignation.
136863973	Mikhail Gorbachev	• Controlled the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. • Backed free-market reforms, which were in direct violation of the communist economic philosophy.
136863974	Self-determination	the idea that a nation should have the right to determine its own future
136863975	Mandate System	• Mandates were established in the former German colonies and in territories once belonging to the Ottoman Empire
136863976	Mandate System	• France and Great Britain took control of most of the Middle East, including Iraq and Palestine; France gained control of Syria and Lebanon. Arab nationalists had hoped that the British and French would make good on promises of independence for the former Ottoman territories
136863977	Nonalignment	• Nations did not take a side during the Cold War • Goal: avoid involvement in the Cold War and maintain and increase economic progress
136863978	NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)	• Established in 1949, as a military alliance of democratic nations against Soviet aggression. • Original members: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, and the United States. • Goal: to form a military alliance to maintain peace through collective defense in postwar Europe. • Admission of Germany in 1955 led to the Soviet formation of the Warsaw Pact. • Established in 1949, as a military alliance of democratic nations against Soviet aggression. • Goal: to form a military alliance to maintain peace through collective defense in postwar Europe.
136863979	Warsaw Pact	• A defensive military alliance of the communist nations designed to counter the collective defense formed by the democratic nations of NATO.
136863980	Détente	• Encouraged cooperation in the following areas: environmental research, space explorations, health research, and cultural diffusion. • Assisted in the signing of SALT I and SALT II (Strategic Arms Limitations Talks) in 1972 and 1979, respectively.
136863981	Détente	• Policy adopted by the Soviet Union and the United States during the Cold War in an effort to reduce tensions between the two superpowers over the arms race and control of developing countries.
136863982	Iranian Revolution	• 1979: Pahlavi fled Iran; Khomeini declared Iran an Islamic republic. • New government overturned all of Pahlavi's reforms: banned western movies, books, and music and instituted strict adherence to Muslim traditions. • As leader of Iran, Khomeini worked to establish Islamic republics throughout the Middle East.
136863983	Iranian Revolution	• 1941: Muhammad Reza Pahlavi declared himself Shah. Backed by the United States and Britain, he modernized and westernized Iran. • Pahlavi's reforms were in direct opposition to Muslim beliefs, an opposition party quickly rose against Pahlavi, led by an Islamic fundamentalist-Ayatollah Khomeini.
137364733	collectivization	The consolidation of small farms into large state enterprises
137364734	nationalization	Taking an industry or assets into the public ownership of a national government.
137364735	Maoism	a political ideology that held that peasants were the foundation for a successful communist revolution
137367857	Germany's Non-Aggression Pact with Stalin	Germany and the Soviet Union each pledged to remain neutral if the other country became involved in a war. The agreement included a secret plan for the division of Eastern Europe between Germany and the Soviet Union.
137367858	Final Solution (1941)	German forces executed some Jews in the villages where they lived. Nazis shipped others off to the concentration camps where the weak were sent straight to the gas chambers. An estimated six million Jews died at the hands of the Nazis.
137367859	Battle of the Bulge	The _____________, which lasted from December 16, 1944, to January 28, 1945, was the largest land battle of WWII in which the USA participated. More than a million men fought in this battle, including dome 600,000 Germans, 500,000 Americans, and 55,000 British. Hitler's last-ditch attempt to bring Germany back into winning the war had failed and Germany's final defeat was only months away.
137367860	Great Depression	During the 1930s industrial production shrank, world trade dropped dramatically, and unemployment rose to unprecedented levels. The worldwide economic patterns did not change for the better until after World War II began, when demand for war production was pivotal in bringing a return to prosperity by the 1950s.
137367861	Five Year Plans	Plans that Joseph Stalin introduced to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928. They set goals for the output of steel, electricity, machinery, and most other products and were enforced by the police powers of the state. (781)
137367862	John Maynard Keynes	British economist who argued that for a nation to recovery fully from a depression, the govt had to spend money to encourage investment and consumption
137367863	kulaks	A class of well-to-do landowners in Russian society that was purged by Joseph Stalin because it resisted his drive to establish huge collective farms under state control.
137367864	fascism	any movement, ideology, or attitude that favors dictatorial government, centralized control of private enterprise, repression of all opposition, and extreme nationalism
137372937	Break-up of the Soviet Union
137372938	Europe in the Cold War
137372939	Communist Revolution in China
137376012	Europe on the eve of WWI
137377290	Fascism v. Totalitarianism
137377291	Japanese Imperialism
137378726	Cold War in Europe
137378727	Dynastic China to Communist China
137378728	Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe
137378729	west v. east
137379134	Role of Women: China and Iran