AP European History Semester 2 Midterm Vocabulary and Terms

All the vocabulary and term on my Midterm. I hope this helps you all. :)

145806542	Abbe Sieyes	(1748-1836) He proposed a new constitution. He was the author of "What is the Third Estate?" (published in 1789). He wanted the executive body to be independent of the whims of electoral politics, a government based on the principle of "confidence from below, power from above," which would require another coup d'etat with military support. He thought that Napoleon could be used and dismissed, which was misjudged on his part.
145806543	Algeria	Algeria was invaded invaded in 1830 by France. France annexed it and turned Algeria into a colony. People were forced to leave their land, which was sold cheaply to French immigrants.
145806544	August Wilhelm von Schlegel	(1767-1845) He was a German poet, translator, critic and a German Romantic. He translated Shakespeare's work into German. After the death of his first wife, he traveled with Madame de Stael. At a point in time, he acted as the secretary for the crowned prince of Sweden. He was a professor at the University of Bonn. In 1827, he published "On the Theory and History of the Plastic Arts. He took part in the Beethoven Monument.
145806545	Ausgleich	Also known as the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867. It re-established the sovereignity of the Kingdom of Hungary, separate from and no longer subject to the Austrian Empire. The territories were governed by separate Parliaments and Prime Ministers. Their unity was maintained through the rule of a single head of state of both of the governments. Armed forces combined with the Emperor-King as commander-in-chief.
145806546	Austerlitz	The Battle of Austerlitz or the Battle of the Three Emperors was Napoleon's greatest victory, in which the French Empire effectively crushed the Third Coalition.
145806547	Balance of power	The concept that European states should each have a certain amount of power and no one state should become too much more powerful than the others.
145806548	Ballot Act of 1872	It was a law enacted by Britain and was introduced by the prime minister, Gladstone. It required that elections to Parliament and local government occur by secret ballot, therefore stopping influenced votes.
145806549	BDFK	(Acronym is German) The Union of German Women's Organizations was founded in 1894. By 1902 it was supporting the right to vote, but mainly wanted to improve women's social conditions.
145806550	Belgian Independence 1830	Belgium began to become independent in 1815. The Belgians wanted to be free from the Netherlands and France. In this, they were supported by Lord Palmerston of Britain. Their constitution was written in 1831.
145806551	"Boneshakers"	A name used from 1869-present to refer to the first type of true bicycle with pedals. It was also called a velocipede by its manufacturers. "Boneshaker" refers to the uncomfortable ride the stiff iron and wooden wheels surrounded by tires made of iron caused.
145806552	Bourgeoisie	Wealthy members of the Third Estate.
145806553	Burschenshaften	Student associations. (Karl Sand was a member.)
145806554	Carlsbad Decrees 1819	Dissolved the Burschenshaften.
145806555	Catholic Emancipation Act of 1829	This act ended the Angelican Church's stranglehold on British political life. It allowed wealthy Irishmen to vote.
145806556	Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord	The first Prime Minister of France. He worked from Louis XVI's regime, through the French Revolution and under Napoleon I, Louis XVIII, Charles X, and Louis Philippe. He was regarded by some people as one of the most versatile, skilled and influential diplomats in European history, others believed he was a traitor.
145806557	Charles X	The last king of the senior Bourbon line to reign over France.
145806558	Combination Acts of 1799 and 1800	These acts made trade unionism illegal.
145806559	Communist Manifesto	A short book, published in 1848, written by the German Marxist political theorists Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. It was one of the most influential political manuscripts.
145806560	Concert of Europe	Formulated in 1815 as a mechanism to enforce the decisions of the Congress of Vienna. (The First Congress took place in 1818 at the Aix-la Chapelle.)
145806561	Congress of Vienna	The Congress of Vienna was assembled in September of 1814 and ended on June of 1815. Its job was to undo everything that Napoleon had done. It reduced France to its boundaries from 1790, restored monarchy, took back territories gained by Napoleon and gave them back to their owners and gave other countries more territory as well. Norway and Sweden joined their territories and Switzerland guaranteed its neutrality. The Congress also got rid of high slave trade in Britain.
145806562	Conscription	The compulsory enrollment of people to some sort of public service, most often military service.
145806563	Conservatism	Support for the status quo. Thinkers associated with conservative ideas: Edmund Burke, Friedrich Hegel. Major supporters of the conservative movement: Prince Metternich (Austrian), Viscount Castlereagh (British).
145806564	Constitution of the Year VIII	A national constitution of France, which was adopted on December 24, 1799 during the Year VIII of the French Revolutionary Calandar. It established a form of government known as the Consulate. Coup of 18 Brumaire (November 9, 1799), gave all power to Napoleon.
145806565	Continental System	Or the Continental Blockade. It was a foreign policy of Napoleon I of France in his struggle against Britain during the Napoleonic Wars. This was a large scale embargo against British trade, which was inaugurated on November 21, 1806. It ended on April 11, 1814 after Napoleon's first abdication.
145806566	Corn Law of 1815	A tariff on imported grain to protect domestic producers. It never worked well because it caused job loss.
145806567	Crimean Wars	Took place from October of 1853 to February of 1856. It was a conflict fought between the Russian Empire and the French Empire, British Empire, Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of Sardinia. Most of the conflicts took place on the Crimean Peninsula, hence the name of the wars. These wars are also referred to as the "Eastern War" and the "Russian War."
145806568	Czar/Tsar Alexander I	The conservative Czar/Tsar of Russia. He worked tirelessly to preserve autocracy.
145806569	Czar/Tsar Nicholas I	The younger brother of Alexander I. He was named Czar/Tsar after his brother was declared ineligible.
145806570	Daniel O'Connell	Under his leadership, Irish nationalists organized the Catholic Association to agitate for Catholic Emancipation. He won his own seat in Parliament, but could not legally sit.
145806571	Danish War of 1864	Also called the Second Schleswig War. The second military conflict as a result of the Schleswig-Holstein Question. It began on February 1, 1864 when Prussia crossed the border into Schleswig. It ended on October 30, 1864 when the Treaty of Vienna caused Denmark's cession of the Duchies of Schleswig, Holstein, and Saxe-Lauenburg to Prussia and Austria.
145806572	Decembrist Revolt of 1825	The instance in which the army was to take the oath of allegiance to Nicholas I, but the Moscow regiment refused and Nicholas I ordered the attack of the insurgents ending with the death of 60.
145806573	Highest Population of the Early 20th Century	Britain.
145806574	Edmund Burke	A very conservative Irish-born Englishman, famous for his opposition to revolutions specifically the French Revolution.
145806575	Elba	The tiny island that Napoleon was granted after his abdication. Off the coast of Italy.
145806576	Emperor	A male monarch that usually is the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm.
145806577	Friedrich Nietzsche	(1844-1900) A 19th century German philosopher and classical philologist. He was radical in questioning the value and objectivity of truth, which resulted in much commentary and interpretation, mostly in the continental tradition. He became mentally ill in 1889 and died in 1900.
145806578	George Bernard Shaw	(1856-1950) An Irish playwright and a co-founder of the London School of Economics. He wrote more than 60 plays and received the Nobel Prize in 1925 and an Oscar in 1938 for his work on the film Pygmalion, an adaption of his play of the same title.
145806579	German Unification	The formal unification of Germany into a politically and administratively integrated nation state officially occurred on January 18, 1871 at the Versailles Palace's Hall of Mirrors in France.
145806580	Goal of 19th Century Liberals	To ameliorate the devastating social conditions.
145806581	Great Reform Bill of 1832	This bill eliminated rotten boroughs, increased electoral, and provided representation for industrial towns.
145806582	Greek Revolution of 1821	The only revolution that was an exception to the Troppau Protocol due to the fact that it was against the Ottomans.
145806583	Haitian Slave Revolt	A period of brutal conflict in the French colony of Saint-Domingue from 1794 to 1804. It lead to the elimination of slavery and the establishment of Haiti as the first republic ruled by people of African ancestry.
145806584	Industrial Revolution and Social Conditions	A period from the 18th to 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect in the socioeconomic and cultural conditions of the times. It began in Britain and eventually spread the the whole world.
145806585	Invasion of Russia and Retreat from Moscow	A major turning point in the Napoleonic Wars. This event reduced France to a fraction of their initial strength and triggered a major shift in European politics. The Russians used a slash and burn technique and fled north of Moscow. This loss also caused Prussian and Austrian forces to break their alliance with France and switch camps, thus triggering the war of the sixth coalition.
145806586	Istanbul in the 19th Century	A period of rebellion at the start of the 19th century led to the rise of the progressive Sultan Mahmud II and eventually the Tanzimat period, which produced reforms the aligned the empire with Western European standards.
145806587	Italian Peninsula became a nation-state under constitutional monarchy when?	It became a nation-state under a constitutional monarchy on March 17, 1861 during the Risorgimento.
145806588	Jacobins French Catholic Church	Who were the Jacobins? They executed many people and were made up of the National Assembly (Mostly wealthy bourgeoisie.) They got rid of the Catholice Church, which was restored by Napoleon. Napoleon made people pledge loyalty to the state first, then the pope second.
145806589	Jena	Also called the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt. It took place on October 14, 1806. There, Napoleon fought and defeated the Prussian army.
145806590	Johann Gottfried Herder	(1744-1803) A German philosopher, theologian, poet, and literary critic. He is associated with the periods of the Enlightenment, Sturm ung Drang, and Weimar Classicism.
145806591	Josephine Bonaparte/ de Beauharnais	(1763-1814) The first wife of Napoleon and the first French empress. She did not bear Napoleon any children, so they were divorced in 1810 and Napoleon married Marie Louise of Austria.
145806592	July Revolution of 1830	It saw the overthrowing of King Charles X.
145806593	Karl Marx	(1818-1883) He developed the socio-political theory of Marxism. He published many books, such as the "Communist Manifesto." A lot of his books were co-written with his friend Friedrich Engels.
145806594	Klemons von Metternich	He was Austria's representative at the Congress of Vienna. He feared Russia gaining too much power, along with liberalism and nationalism as a threat to Austria's power within Europe. He effectively controlled the Congress of Vienna.
145806595	Legalism	A theory on the relationship between politics and law.
145806596	Legitimacy	Resting on or ruling by the principle of heredity; born in wedlock or of legally married people.
145806597	Liberalism and Liberals	The basis of this movement stems from ideas of liberty and equality.
145806598	Liberals = Nationalists?	Liberal Nationalism: nationalism identified by political philosophers who believed in a non-xenophobic form of nationalism. Liberal values of freedom, tolerance, equality, and individual rights were included in Liberal Nationalism.
145806599	Louis Philippe	Called the "King of French," he established many new reforms including the abolition of censorship and the formation of Catholicism as the "official religion." The monarchy under this ruler displayed little sympathy for the lower and working classes.
145806600	Louis XVIII	(Ruled 1814-1824) Restored Bourbon throne after the French Revolution. He accepted Napoleon's Civil Code (principle of equality before the law), honored the property rights of those who had purchased confiscated land, and established a bicameral(two-house) legislature consisting of the Chamber of Peers(chosen by the king) and the Chamber of Deputies(chosen by an electorate).
145806601	Lucinde	The romance novel by Schlegel that attacked contemporaneous prejudices against women.
145806602	Madame de Stael	Was a prominent Swiss writer in the early 19th century who was exiled by Napoleon Bonaparte. She celebrated the cultural superiority of German Romantic culture over French Neo-Classicism and imperialism in her text, "On Germany" (1810)
145806603	Magyar Revolt	Hungarians in the Austrian Empire demand semi-autonomy in 1848. They are initially granted a degree of independence but are eventually crushed (in '49) by a combination so Austrian and Russian troops.
145806604	Meritocracy	The belief that rulers should be chosen for their superior abilities, and not because of their wealth or birth.
145806605	Middle Class of the 19th Century	The middle class underwent an enormous expansion in the 19th century as a consequence of the Industrial Revolution.
145806606	Mikhail Kutuzov	(1745-1813) A Russian Field Marshal who defeated Napoleon's army in 1812.
145806607	Napoleonic Code	This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property. Napoleon also secured this by creating the Bank of France which loyally served the interests of both the state and the financial oligarchy.
145806608	Nationalism (and the meaning of "Nationhood")	The single most powerful European political ideology of 19th and early 20th centuries. It was based on the concept that a nation is composed of people who are joined together by common language, customs, culture, and history, and should be administered by the same government. Nationhood was associated with a group large enough to support a viable economy with a significant cultural history that possessed a cultural elite that could nourish and spread the national language and had military capacity to conquer and protect its own independence.
145806609	Nicholas Appert	A French chef determined to produce preserved tasty/healthy food; invented canned foods.
145806610	Official Nationality "Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationalism"	A slogan of a program called "Official Nationality," which was embraced by Nicholas I.
145806611	Otto von Bismarck	German statesman under whose leadership Germany was united (1815-1898).
145806612	Peterloo	A protest leading to the government issuing the Six Acts. The reason for this protest was for the repeal of the Corn Laws, which brought widespread unemployment and postwar economic stress. It was held by urban laborers and supported by radical intellectuals.
145806613	Pierre Joseph-Proudhon	Wrote "What is Property?" A self-educated printer who wrote a pamphlet. The answer was that it was nothing but theft. Property was profit that was stolen from the worker (source of all wealth). He feared power of state and was an anarchist.
145806614	Plebiscite	A vote by the electorate determining public opinion on a question of national importance.
145806615	Polish Revolution of 1830	Also known as the "November Uprising" or "Cadet Revolution." It was an armed rebellion in partitioned Poland against the Russian Empire. It began on November 29, 1830 in Warsaw. Despite some success, uprising was eventually crushed.
145806616	Political and Economic Versions of Liberalism	Political Liberalism: An update to John Rawls' "Theory of Justice." It is compatible with a liberal conception of the role of justice. Economic Liberalism: Economic Liberalism supports and promotes laissez-faire economics and private property in the means of production.
145806617	Population in France in the early 19th century grew from what to what?	The population in France went from 32.5 million in 1831 to 35.8 million in 1851.
145806618	Prussian reforms of Stein and Hardenberg	The bourgeois reforms implemented in Prussia from 1807 to 1814 by governments, and headed by Stein and Hardenberg.
145806619	Quadruple Alliance	A treaty signed in Paris on November 20, 1815 by Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia.
145806620	Rhineland Gazette	Karl Marx edited this radical newspaper before being driven out of Germany.
145806621	Rotten Boroughs	A parliamentary borough or constituency in Great Britain and Ireland which had a very small population and was "controlled" and used by a patron to exercise undue and unrepresentative influence within parliament.
145806622	Secret Police	A police force that operates in secrecy (usually against persons suspected of treason or sedition).
145806623	Serfdom	The feudal system; the use of serfs to work the land in return for protection against barbarian invasions.
145806624	Sir Robert Peel	British politician who organized a permanent police force in London.
145806625	Six Acts of 1819	1: Forbade large unauthorized public meetings. 2: Raised the fines for seditious libel. 3: Sped up the trials for political agitators. 4: Increased newspaper taxes. 5: Prohibited the training of armed groups. 6: Allowed local officials to search homes in certain disturbed countries.
145806626	Socialist Parties in the 19th century	Includes Democratic Socialism, Leninism, Libertarian Socialism, Anarchism, Social Democracy, and Syndicalism.
145806627	"Spanish Ulcer"	Actually, Spain was France's ulcer.
145806628	The Charter	The constitution of the French Restoration.
145806629	The Continental System	When Napoleon cut off all trade with Great Britain to try and make Europe more self-sufficient.
145806630	T. H. Huxley	Chief spokesman for Darwin - "Darwin's Bulldog" who got embroiled in controversy between Church and science. Specifically, represented Darwin's findings at debate with Bishop of Oxford. Obviously, theory didn't square with Bible.
145806631	Thomas Warton	English writer who associated romantic literature with medieval romances.
145806632	Trafalgar	(October 1805) Britain's Admiral Nelson destroyed the combined French and Spanish navies. Nelson was killed but invasion of Britain now became impossible.
145806633	Treaty of Tilsit	1807 forced peace treaty with France, but Napoleon invades Russia in 1812, ending the treaty.
145806634	Troppau Protocol of 1820	To avoid any more "Napoleons", foreign and internal government would settle any revolution in any country of Europe: this was a result of the Congress of Vienna.
145806635	Ultraroyalism	Ultraroyalism was a reactionary idea in the French political stage that supported total restoration of the Bourbons.
145806636	White Terror	The White Terror was a reactionary onslaught that was meant to instill fear in liberals so they would back down and vote conservatively.
145806637	Union of German Women's Organizations	An umbrella organization for all of the feminist organizations in Germany.
145806638	William Blake	A visionary British poet and painter (1757-1827).
145806639	William Cobbett	An English journalist who believed that reforming Parliament and abolishing the rotten boroughs would help to end the poverty of farm laborers. He attacked the borough-mongers, sinecurists, and "tax eaters" relentlessly. He opposed the Corn Laws and joined the radical movement that lead to the Great Reform Bill of 1832.
145806640	1820 revolutions in Spain and Naples resulting in intervention	Spain: A civil war between royalists and liberals. France intervened, trying to restore the Bourbon, Ferdinand VII to the throne in Spain. Spain and Naples alienated the bulk of the population and alarmed conservative leaders, thus causing intervention.
145806641	19th Century Women's Rights	A movement that argued women should have the same rights as men.
146116414	Four Ordinances (1830)	1: Restricted freedom of press. 2: Limited franchises to aristocracy only. 3: Called for new elections. 4: Dissolved recently elected Chamber of Deputies.