Memory and Learning

315133929	Memory	The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.
315133930	Flashbulb Memories	A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
315133931	Encoding	The processing of information into the memory system-for example, by extracting meaning
315133932	Storage	The retention of encoded information.
315133933	Retrieval	The process of getting information out of storage.
315133934	Sensory Memory	The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.
315133935	Short-Term Memory	Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten.
315133936	Long-Term Memory	The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
315133937	Working Memory	A newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.
315133938	Automatic Processing	Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.
315133939	Effortful Processing	Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
315133940	Rehearsal	The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.
315133941	Next-In-Line Effect	When people go around a circle saying words or their names, and attempting to remember what was said by the others, their poorest memories are for what was said by the person just before them.
315133942	Spacing Effect	The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.
315133943	Serial Position Effect	Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.
315133944	Visual Encoding	The encoding of picture images.
315133945	Acoustic Encoding	The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.
315133946	Semantic Encoding	The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words.
315133947	Self-Reference Effect	We have especially good recall for information we can relate to ourselves.
315133948	Imagery	Mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.
315133949	Rosy Retrospection	People tend to recall events more positively than they evaluated at the time.
315133950	Mnemonic	Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
315133951	Chunking	Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.
315133952	Iconic Memory	A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.
315133953	Echoic Memory	A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.
315133954	Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)	An increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory. (No LTP: No learning) (Extra LTP: Enhanced and faster learning)
315133955	CREB	A protein that switches genes off or on; helps us retain long-term memories.
315133956	Amnesia	The loss of memory
315133957	Implicit Memory	Retention independent of conscious recollection (you can learn how to do something).
315133958	Explicit Memory	Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare.
315133959	Hippocampus	A neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage.
315133960	Recall	A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.
315133961	Recognize	A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test.
315133962	Relearning	A memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.
315133963	Retrieval Cues	Anchor points you can use to access the target information when you want to retrieve it later.
315133964	Priming	The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
315133965	Deja Vu	That eerie sense that, "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.
315133966	State-Dependent Memory	What we learn in one state-be it joyful or sad, drunk or sober-Memories are more easily recalled when we are in that state.
315133967	Mood-Congruent	The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.
315133968	Absent-Mindedness	Inattention to details produces encoding failure.
315133969	Transience	Storage decay over time.
315133970	Blocking	Inaccessibility of stored information.
315133971	Misattribution	Confusing the source of information
315133972	Suggestibility	Lingering effects of misinformation
315133973	Bias	belief-colored recollections
315133974	Persistence	Unwanted Memories
315133975	Forgetting Curve	The course of forgetting is initially rapid, then levels off with time.
315133976	Proactive Interference	The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.
315133977	Retroactive Interference	The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.
315133978	Repression	In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.
315133979	Misinformation Effect	Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
315133980	Source Amnesia	Attributing to the wrong source of an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined.
315133981	Infantile Amnesia	People do not reliably recall happenings of any sort from their first three years.
315133982	Adapt-Ability	Our capacity to learn new behaviors that enable us to cope with changing circumstances.
315133983	Learning	A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience.
315133984	Associative Learning	Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).
315133985	Conditioning	The process of learning associations
315133986	Classical Conditioning	A type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditional stimulus (US) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditional stimulus.
315133987	Ivan Pavlov	The psychologist whose work laid the foundation of classical conditioning. He used dogs to study learning.
315133988	Operant Conditioning	A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
315133989	Observational Learning	Learning by observing others
315133990	Behaviorism	The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes.
315133991	John Watson	The psychologist that studied and founded behaviorism.
315133992	Unconditional Response (UR)	In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.
315133993	Unconditional Stimulus (US)	In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally (naturally and automatically) triggers a response.
315133994	Conditional Response (CR)	In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).
315133995	Conditional Stimulus (CS)	In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response.
315133996	Acquisition	The initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to illicit a conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response
315133997	Extinction	The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when and unconditional stimulus does not follow a conditional stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.
315133998	Spontaneous Recovery	The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditional response
315133999	Generalization	The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditional stimulus to elicit similar responses.
315134000	Discrimination	In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditional stimulus.
315134001	Expectancy	An awareness of how likely it is that the unconditioned stimulus (US) will occur
315134002	Charles Darwin	The psychologist that believed that nature prepares the members of each species to learn those things crucial to their survival.
315134003	Respondent Behavior	Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.
315134004	Operant Behavior	Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.
315134005	BF Skinner	Modern behaviorisms most influential and controversial figure.
315134006	Law of Effect	Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.
315134007	Operant Chamber	A chamber, also known as a Skinner box, containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animals rate of bar pressing or key pecking.
315134008	Shaping	An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
315134009	Successive Approximations	You reward responses that are even closer to the final desired behavior.
315134010	Discriminative Stimulus	Like a green traffic light, it signals that a response will be reinforced.
315134011	Reinforcement	In operant conditioning, any even that strengthens the behavior it follows.
315134012	Positive Reinforcement	Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food; Any stimulus that when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
315134013	Negative Reinforcement	Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock; Any stimulus that when removed after a response, strengthens the response.
315134014	Primary Reinforcers	An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.
315134015	Conditioned Reinforcers	A stimulus that gains it's reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer.
315134016	Continuous Reinforcement	Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.
315134017	Partial Reinforcement	Reinforcing a response only part of the time; resulting in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.
315134018	Fixed-Ratio Schedule	In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.
315134019	Variable-Ratio Schedule	In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.
315134020	Fixed-Interval Schedule	In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.
315134021	Variable-Interval Schedule	In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.
315134022	Punishment	An event that decreases the behavior that it follows.
315134023	Cognitive Map	A mental representation of the layout of one's environment
315134024	Latent Learning	Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.
315134025	Intrinsic Motivation	A desire to perform a behavior for his own sake.
315134026	Extrinsic Motivation	A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment.
315134027	Modeling	The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
315134028	Mirror Neurons	Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy.
315134029	Prosocial	Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior.
315134030	Antisocial	The opposite of prosocial behavior
315361025	Method of Loci	Matching each of a series of locations with a visual representation of to-be-remembered items.
315361026	Peg-Word System	"One is a bun, two is a show" mnemonic device.