APWH 5.3 vocab Flashcards

335076232	Selim III	Sultan who ruled Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807; aimed at improving administrative efficiency and building a new army and navy; toppled by Janissaries in 1807	0
335076233	Mahmud II	Ottoman sultan; built a private, professional army; fermented revolution of Janissaries and their religious allies; initiated reform of Ottoman Empire on Western precedents	1
335076234	Tanzimat reforms	Series of reforms in Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; established Western style university, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876	2
335076235	Abdul Hamid	Ottoman sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutism during reign from 1878 to 1908; nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties; deposed in coup in 1908	3
335076236	Young Turks	group of revolutionary and nationalistic Turks who revolted against Ottoman empire in 1908 attempting to make reforms and then sided with the central powers in WWI	4
335076237	mamluks	Turkic slave-warriors who ruled Egypt and defeated the Mongols to prevent their entry into northern Africa	5
335076238	Muhammad Ali	Won power struggle in Egypt following fall of Mamluks; established mastery of all Egypt by 1811; introduced effective army based on Western tactics and supply and a variety of other reforms; by 1830s was able to challenge Ottoman government in Constantinople; died in 1848	6
335076239	khedives	Descendants of Muhammad Ali in Egypt after 1876; formal rulers of Egypt despite French and English intervention until overthrown by military coup in 1952	7
335076240	Suez Canal	Built across Isthmus of Suez to connect Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea in 1869; financed by European investors; with increasing indebtedness of khedives, permitted intervention of British into Egyptian politics to protect their investment	8
335076241	Ahmad Orabi	Student of Muhammad Abduh; led revolt in 1882 against Turkish influence in Egyptian army; forced khedive to call on British army for support	9
335076242	Mahdi	In Sufi belief system, a promised deliverer; also name given to Muhammad Achmad, leader of late 19th century revolt against Egyptians and British in Sudan	10
335076243	Nurhaci	Architect of Manchu unity; created distinctive Manchu banner armies; controlled most of Manchuria; adopted Chinese bureaucracy and court ceremonies in Manchuria; entered China and successfully captured Ming capital at Beijing	11
335076244	Kangxi	Confucian scholar and Manchu emperor of Qing dynasty from 1661 to 1722; established high degree of Sinification among the Manchus	12
335076245	compradors	Wealthy new group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty; specialized in the import-export trade on China's south coast; one of the major links between China and the outside world	13
335125699	Lin Zexu	Distinguished Chinese official during the early 19th century; charged with stamping out the opium trade in southern China; ordered blockade of European trading areas in Canton and confiscated opium; sent into exile following the Opium War	14
335125700	Opium War	Fought between the British and Qing China beginning in 1839; fought to protect British trade in opium; resulted in resounding British victory, opening of Hong Kong as British port of trade	15
335125701	Taiping Rebellion	Broke out in south China in the 1850s and early 1860s; led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi-Christianized prophet; sought to overthrow Qing dynasty and Confucian basis of scholar-gentry	16
335125702	Cixi	Ultraconservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Qing dynasty; supported Boxer Rebellion in 1898 as a means of driving out Westerners	17
335268586	Boxer Rebellion	Popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from China; failed because of intervention of armies of Western powers in China; defeat of Chinese enhanced control by Europeans and the power of provincial officials	18
335268587	Puyi	Last emperor of China; deposed as emperor while still a small boy	19