APWH 5.4 vocab Flashcards
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| 335315305 | Decembrist uprising | Political revolt in Russia in 1825; led by middle-level army officers who advocated reforms; put down by Tsar Nicholas I | 0 | |
| 335315306 | Crimean War (1854-56) | Fought between 1854-56; began as Russian attempt to attack Ottoman Empire; Russia opposed by France and Britain as well; resulted in Russian defeat in the face of Western industrial technology; led to Russian reforms under Tsar Alexander II | 1 | |
| 335315307 | emancipation of the serfs | Tsar Alexander II ended rigorous serfdom in Russia in 1861; serfs obtained no political rights; required to stay in villages until they could repay aristocracy for land | 2 | |
| 335315308 | zemstvoes | Local political councils created as part of reforms of Tsar Alexander II (1860s); gave some Russians, particularly middle-class professionals, some experience in government; councils had no impact on national policy | 3 | |
| 335315309 | trans-Siberian railroad | Constructed in 1870s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; completed by the end of the 1880s; brought Russia into a more active Asian role | 4 | |
| 335315310 | Count Sergei Witte | Russian minister of finance from 1892 to 1903; economic modernizer responsible for high tariffs, improved banking system; encouraged Western investors to build factories in Russia | 5 | |
| 335315311 | intellegentsia | Russian term denoting articulate intellectuals as a clas; 19th-century group bent on radical change in Russian political and social system; often wished to maintain a Russian culture distinct from that of the West | 6 | |
| 335315312 | anarchists | Political groups that sought the abolition of all formal government; particularly prevalent in Russia; opposed tsarist autocracy; eventually became terrorist movement responsible for assassination of Alexander II in 1881 | 7 | |
| 335315313 | Lenin (Vladimir Ilych Ulyanov) | Most active Russian Marxist leader; insisted on importance of disciplined revolutionary cells; leader of Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 | 8 | |
| 335315314 | Bolsheviks | Literally the majority party; the most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement; led by V.I. Lenin and dedicated to his concept of social revolution; actually a minority in the Russian Marxist political scheme until its triumph in the 1917 revolution | 9 | |
| 335315315 | duma | National parliament created in Russia in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905; progressively stripped of power during the reign of Tsar Nicholas II; failed to forestall further revolution | 10 | |
| 335315316 | Stolypin reforms | Reforms introduced by the Russian interior minister Piotyr Stolypin intended to placate the peasantry in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905; included reduction in redemption payments, attempt to create market-oriented peasantry | 11 | |
| 335315317 | kulaks | Agricultural entrepreneurs who utilized the Stolypin and later NEP reforms to increase agricultural production and buy additional land | 12 | |
| 335315318 | Dutch Studies | Group of Japanese scholars interested in implications of Western science and technology beginning in the 17th century; urged freer exchange with West; based studies on few Dutch texts available in Japan | 13 | |
| 335315319 | Meiji Restoration | The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism. | 14 | |
| 335315320 | Diet | Japanese parliament established as part of the new constitution of 1889; part of Meiji reforms; could pass law and approve budgets; able to advise government, but not to control it | 15 | |
| 335315321 | zaibatsu | Huge industrial combines created in Japan in the 1890s as part of the process of industrialization | 16 | |
| 335315322 | (1st) Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) | War fought between Japan and Qing China between 1894 and 1895; resulted in Japanese victory; frustrated Japanese imperial aims because of Western insistence that Japan withdraw form Liaodong peninsula | 17 | |
| 335315323 | yellow peril | Western term for perceived treat of Japanese imperialism around 1900; met by increased Western imperialism in region | 18 | |
| 335315324 | Russo-Japanese War | War between Japan and Russia (1904-5) over territory in Manchuria; Japan defeated the Russians; largely because of its naval power; Japan annexed Korea in 1910 as a result of military dominance | 19 |