AP English Vocab 1

78642546	Abstract Language	Language expressing a quality apart from a specific object or event
78642547	Ad hominem	"Against the man"; attacking the arguer rather than the argument or issue
78642548	Ad populum	"To the people"; playing on the prejudices of the audience
78642549	Analogy	A comparison in which a thing is referred to be similar to another thing in a certain way because it is similar to the thing in other ways
78642550	Appeal to tradition	a proposal that something should continue becuase it has traditionally existed or been done that way
78642551	Argument	a process of reasoning and advancing proof about issues on which conflicting views may be held; also, a statement or statements providing support for a claim
78642552	Audience	those who will hear an argument; more generally, those to whom a communication is addressed
78642553	Authoritative warrant	a warrant based on the credibility or trustworthiness of the source
78642554	Authority	a respectable, reliable source of evidence
78642555	Backing	the assurances upon which a warrant or assumption can be based
78642556	Begging the question	making a statement that assumes that the issue being argued had already been decided
78642557	Cause and effect	reasoning that assumes one even or condition can bring about another
78642558	Claim	the conclusion of an argument; what the arguer is trying to prove
78642559	Claim of fact	a claim that asserts something exists, has existed, or will exist, based on Data that the audience will accept as objectively verifiable
78642560	Claim of policy	a claim asserting that specific courses of action should be instituted as solutions to problems
78642561	Claim of value	a claim that asserts some things are more or less desirable than others
78642562	Cliche	a worn-out expression or idea, no longer capable of producing a visual image provoking thought about a subject
78642563	Comparison language	language that describes specific, generally observable, persons, places, or things
78642564	Comparison warrant	a warrant based on shared characteristics and circumstances of two or more things or events; an analogy is a type of comparison, but the things or events being compared in an analogy are not of the same class
78642565	Connotation	the overtones that adhere to a word through long usage
78642566	Credibility	the audience's belief in the arguer's trustworthiness
78642567	Deduction	reasoning by which we establish that a conclusion must be true because the statements on which it is based are true
78642568	Definition	an explanation of the meaning of a term, concept, or experience; may be used for clarification, especially of a claim, or as a means of developing an argument
78642569	Definition by negation	defining a thing by saying what it is not
78642570	Ethos	the qualities of character, intelligence, and goodwill in an arguer that contribute to an audience's acceptance of the claim
78642571	Euphemism	a pleasant or flattering expression used in place of one that is less agreeable but possibly more accurate
78642572	Evidence	facts or opinions that support an issue or claim; may consist of statistics, reports of personal experience, or views of experts
78642573	Extended definition	a definition that uses several different methods of development
78642574	Fact	something that is believed to have objective reality, a piece of information regarded as verifiable
78642575	Factual evidence	support consisting of data that is considered objectively verifiable by the audience
78642576	Fallacy	an error of reasoning based on faulty use of evidence or incorrect inference
78642577	False analogy	assuming without sufficient proof that if objects or processes are similar in some ways, then they are similar in other ways as well
78642578	False dilemma	simplifying a complex problem into an either/or dichotomy
78642579	Faulty emotional appeals	basing an argument on feelings, especially pity or fear-often to draw attention away from the real issues or conceal another purpose
78642580	Faulty use of authority	failing to acknowledge disagreement among experts or otherwise misrepresenting the trustworthiness of sources
78642581	Generalization	a statement of general principle derived inferentially from a series of examples
78642582	Hasty generalization	drawing conclusions from insufficient evidence
78642583	Induction	reasoning by which a general statement is reached on the basis of particular examples
78642584	Inference	an interpretation of the facts
78642585	Motivational appeal	an attempt to reach an audience by recognizing their needs and values and how these contribute to their decision making
78642586	Motivational warrant	a type of warrant based on the needs and values of an audience
78642587	Need	in the hierarchy of Abraham Maslow, whatever is required, whether psychological or physiological, for the survival and welfare of a human being
78642588	Non sequitur	"It does not follow"; using irrelevant proof to buttress a claim
78642589	Picturesque language	words that produce images in the minds of the audience
78642590	Policy	A course of action recommended or taken to solve a problem or guide
78642591	Post hoc	mistakenly inferring that because one event follows another they have a casual relation; from pot hoc ergo propter hoc(after this therefore because of this); doubtful cause
78642592	Qualifier	a restriction placed on the claim to state that it may not always be true as stated
78642593	Refutation	an attack on an opposing view in order to weaken it, invalidate it, or make it less credible
78642594	Reservation	a restriction placed on the warrant to indicate that unless certain conditions are met, the warrant may not establish a connection between the support and the claim
78642595	Sign warrant	a warrant that offers an observable datum as an indicator of a condition
78642596	Slanting	selecting facts or words with connotations that favor the arguer's bias and discredit alternatives
78642597	Slippery slope	predicting without justification that one step in a process will lead unavoidably to a second, generally undesirable step
78642598	Slogan	an attention-getting expression used largely in politics or advertising to promote support of a cause or product
78642599	Statistics	information expressed in numerical form
78642600	Stipulative definition	a definition that makes clear that it will explore a particular area of meaning of a term or issue
78642601	Straw man	disputing a view similar to, but not the same as, that of the arguer's opponent
78642602	Style	choices in words and sentence structure that make a writer's language distinctive
78642603	Substantive warrant	a warrant based on beliefs about the reliability of factual evidence
78642604	Support	any material that serves to prove an issue or claim; in addition to evidence, it includes appeals to the needs and values of the audience
78642605	Syllogism	a formula of deductive argument consisting of three propositions: major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion
78642606	Two wrongs make a right	diverting attention from the issue by introducing a new point, e.g., by responding to an accusation with a counteraccusation that makes no attempt to refute the first accusation
78642607	Values	conceptions or ideas that act as standards for judging what is right or wrong, worthwhile or worthless, beautiful or ugly, good or bad
78642608	Warrant	a general principle or assumption that establishes a connection between the support and the claim
78642609	Logos	logical appeal. Offers clear/rational ideas
78642610	Pathos	emotional appeal