APWH Chapters 21-22 Flashcards

AP World History Stearns Chapters 21 and 22 Vocab

319585381	Asian sea trading network	prior to intervention of Europeans, had 3 zones: Arab based on glass, carpet, and tapestries; India based on cotton textiles; China based on paper, porcelain, and silk	0
319585382	Francis Xavier	Spanish Jesuit who worked in India in 1540s among outcaste and lower caste groups; made little headway among elites	1
319585383	Matteo Ricci and Adam Schall	Jesuit scholars in Ming court; skilled scientists who won few converts to Christianity	2
319585384	Toyotomi Hideyoshi	general under Nobunga; succeeded as leading military power in central Japan; continued efforts to break power of daimyos; constructed series of alliances that made him military master of Japan in 1590	3
319585385	Tokugawa Ieyasu	vassal of Toyotomi Hideyoshi; succeeded him as most powerful military figure in Japan; granted title of shogun in 1603 and established Tokugawa Shogunate; established political unity in Japan	4
319585386	School of National Learning	new ideology that laid emphasis on Japan's unique historical experience and revival of indigenous culture at expense of Chinese imports like Confucianism; typical of Japan in 18th century	5
319585387	Deshima	island in Nagasaki Bay; only port open to non-Japanese after closure of islands in 1640s; only Chinese and Dutch ships allowed to enter	6
319585388	Robert di Nobili	Italian Jesuit who worked in India during early 1600s; introduced strategy to convert elites first; strategy later adopted by Jesuits in various parts of Asia; mission eventually failed	7
319585389	Hongwu	1st Ming emperor in 1368; peasant lineage; originally named Zhu Yuanzhang; drove out Mongol influence; restored scholar-gentry	8
319585390	The Water Margin, Monkey, and the Golden Lotus	Ming novels recognized as classics in their time; set standard for Chinese prose literature today	9
319585391	Luzon	northern island of Phillipines; conquered by Spain during 1560s; site of major Catholic missionary effort	10
319585392	Mindanao	southern island of Phillipines; Muslim kingdom able to successfully resist Spanish conquest	11
319585393	Ottomans	Turkic people who advanced from strongholds in Asia Minor during 1350s; conquered large part of Balkhans; unified under Mehmed I: captured Constantinople in 1453; destroyed remainder of Byzantine Empire	12
319585394	Mehmed II	Ottoman sultan known as the "Conqueror"; conquered Constantinople in 1453; destroyed remainder of Byzantine Empire	13
319585395	Janissaries	Ottoman infantry divisions that dominated Ottoman armies; forcibly conscripted as boys in conquered Balkhan areas, legally slaves; turned military service into political influence, particularly after 15th century	14
319585396	vizier	Ottoman equivalent of Abbasid wazir; head of Ottoman bureaucracy; after 15th century, often more powerful than the sultan	15
319585397	Safavid dynasty	originally a Turkic nomadic group; family originated in Sufi mystic group; espoused Shi'ism; conquered territory and established kingdom in what is now Iran; lasted until 1722	16
319585398	Abbas I, the Great	extended Safavid domain to greatest extent; created slave regiments based on captured Russians, who monopolized firearms within Safavid armies; incorporated Western military technology	17
319585399	Isma'il	Sufi commander who conquered city of Tabriz in 1501; first Safavid to be proclaimed shah (emperor)	18
319585400	Mughal dynasty	established by Babur in India in 1526; name taken from supposed Mongol descent of Babur, even though little evidence of Mongol influence; became weak after rule of Aurangzeb during early 8th century	19
319585401	Babur	founder of Mughal dynasty in India; descended from Turkic warriors; first led invasion of India in 1526; died in 1530	20
319585402	Akbar	son/successor of Humayn; oversaw building of military and administration systems that became typical of Mughal rule in India; pursued cooperation with Hindu princes; tried to create new religion to bind Indian Muslims and Hindus	21
319585403	Din-i-Ilahi	religion initiated by Akbar; blended elements of many faiths; key to efforts to reconcile Indian Hindus and Muslims, but failed	22
319585404	Sati	Indian ritual of sacrificing surviving widows with the bodies of their dead husbands	23
319585405	Sikhs	sect in northwest India; early leaders tried to bridge gap between Hindus and Muslims, but Mughal persecution led to anti-Muslim sentiments	24