AP World Chapters 19-22 Terms Flashcards

333540807	Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabela of Castile	monarchs of Christian kingdoms; their marriage created the future Spain; initiated exploration of New World.	0
333540808	encomiendas	grants of estates Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Latin America; established a framework for relations based on economic dominance..	1
333540809	Hispanola	1st island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards by Columbus on his second voyage.	2
333540810	Bartolomé de las Casas	Dominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of native American population; opposed forced labor and advocated Indian rights.	3
333540811	Hernán Cortés	led expedition to Mexico in 1519; defeated Aztec empire and established Spanish colonial rule.	4
333540812	Moctezuma II	last independent Aztec ruler; killed during Cortés's conquest.	5
333540813	Mexico City	capital of New Spain built on ruins of Tenochtitlan.	6
333540814	New Spain	Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica in territories once part of Aztec imperial system.	7
333540815	Francisco Pizarro	began conquest of Inca empire in 1535.	8
333540816	Francisco Vácquez de Coronado	led Spanish expedition into the southwestern United States in search of gold.	9
333540817	Pedro de Valdivia	Spanish conqueror of Araucanian Indians of Chile; established city of Santiago in 1541.	10
333540818	mita	forced labor system replacing Indian slaves and encomienda workers; used to mobilize labor for mines and other projects.	11
333540819	Colombian Exchange	biological and ecological exchange that occurred following European arrival in the New World; peoples of Europe and Africa came to the Americas; animals, plants, and diseases moved between Old and New Worlds.	12
333540820	Potosí	largest New World silver mine; located in Bolivia.	13
333540821	Huancavelica	greatest mercury deposit in South America; used in American silver production.	14
333540822	haciendas	rural agricultural and herding estates; produced for consumers in America; basis for wealth and power of the local aristocracy.	15
333540823	Casa de la Contratación	Spanish Board of Trade operated out of Seville; regulated commerce with the New World.	16
333540824	consulado	merchant guild of Seville with a virtual monopoly over goods shipped to Spanish America; handled much of silver shipped in return.	17
333540825	galleons	large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World Colonies to Spain; basis of convoy system utilized for transportation of bullion.	18
333540826	Treaty of Tordesillas	concluded in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession; in the New World Brazil went to Portugal and the rest to Spain.	19
333540827	Recopilación	body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish New World possessions; bases of law in the Indies.	20
333540828	Council of the Indies	Spanish government body that issued all laws and advised king on all issues dealing with the New World colonies.	21
333540829	letrados	university-trained lawyers from Spain; basic personnel of the Spanish colonial bureaucratic system.	22
333540830	viceroyalties	major divisions of Spanish New World colonies headed by direct representatives of the king; one based in Lima, the other in Mexico City.	23
333540831	audiencia	royal courts of appeals established in Spanish New World colonies; staffed by professional magistrates who made and applied laws.	24
333540832	Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz	17th century author, poet, and musician of New Spain; gave up secular concerns to concentrate on spiritual matters.	25
333540833	Pedro Alvares Cabral	Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; landed Brazil in 1500.	26
333540834	captaincies	areas along the Brazilian coast granted to Portuguese nobles for colonial development.	27
333540835	Paulistas	backswoodsmen from São Paulo, Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals during 17th century.	28
333540836	Minas Gerais	Brazilian region where gold was discovered in 1695; a gold rush followed.	29
333540837	Rio de Janeiro	Brazilian port used for mines of Minas Gerais; became capital in 1763.	30
333540838	sociedad de castas	Spanish American social system based on racial origins; Europeans on top, mixed race in middle, Indians and African slaves at the bottom.	31
333540839	peninsulares	Spanish-born residents of the New World.	32
333540840	creoles	people of European ancestry born in Spanish New World colonies; dominated local economies; ranked socially below peninsulares.	33
333540841	amigos del país	clubs and associations dedicated to reform in Spanish colonies; flourished during the 18th century; called for material improvement rather than political reform.	34
333540842	War of the Spanish Succession	caused by the succession of the Bourbon family to the Spanish throne in 1701; ended by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in recognition of Bourbons, territorial loss, and grants of commercial rights to English and French.	35
333540843	Charles III	Spanish enlightened monarch (1759-1788); instituted fiscal, administrative, and military reforms in Spain and its empire.	36
333629708	commercio libre	opened trade in ports of Spain and the Indies to all Spanish merchants during the reign of Charles III; undercut monopoly of consulados.	37
333629709	José de Galvez	Spanish Minister of the Indies and chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminate creoles from the upper colonial bureaucracy; created intendants for local government.	38
333629710	Marquis of Pombal	Prime Minister of Portugal (1755-1776); strengthened royal authority in Brazil, expelled the Jesuits, enacted fiscal reforms, and established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy.	39
333629711	Comunero Revolt	a popular revolt against Spanish rule in new Granada in 1781; suppressed due to government concessions and divisions among rebels.	40
333629712	Tupac Amaru	Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many in the lower social classes; revolt failed because of creole fears of real social revolution.	41
333629713	Ottomans	Turkic people who advanced into Asia Minor during the 14th century; established an empire in the Middle East, North Africa, and eastern Europe that lasted until after World War I.	42
333629714	Mehmed II	Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"; captured Constantinople and destroyed Byzantine empire.	43
333629715	Janissaries	conscripted youths from conquered regions who were trained as Ottoman infantry divisions; became an important political influence after the 15th century.	44
333629716	vizier	head of the Ottoman bureaucracy; after the 15th century often more powerful than the sultan.	45
333629717	Suleymaniye mosque	great mosque built in Constantinople during the 16th century Ottoman ruler Suleyman the magnificent.	46
333629718	Safavid dynasty	founded by a Turkic nomad family with Shi'a Islamic beliefs; established a kingdom in Iran and ruled until 1722.	47
333629719	Safi al-Din	Sufi mystic and first ruler of the Safavid dynasty.	48
333629720	Ismâ'il	Safavid leader; conquered the city of Tabriz in 1501 and was proclaimed shah.	49
333629721	Chaldiran	an important battle between the Safavids and Ottomans in 1514; Ottoman victory demonstrated the importance of firearms and checked the western advance of their Shi'a state.	50
333629722	Abbas I, the Great	Safavid shah (1587-1629); extended the empire to its greatest extent; used Western military technology.	51
333629723	imams	Shi'a religious leaders who traced their descent to Ali's successors.	52
333629724	mullahs	religious leaders under the Safavids; worked to convert all subjects to Shi'ism	53
333629725	Isfahan	Safavid capital under Abbas the Great; planned city exemplifying Safavid architecture.	54
333629726	Mughal dynasty	established by Turkic invaders in 1526; endured until the mid-19th century.	55
333629727	Babur	Turkic leader who founded Mughal dynasty; died in 1530.	56
333629728	Humayn	son and successor of Babur; expelled from India in 1540 but returned to restore the dynasty in 1556.	57
333629729	Akbar	son and successor of Humayn; built up the military and administrative structure of the dynasty; followed policies of cooperation and toleration with the Hindu majority.	58
333629730	Din-i-Ilahi	religion initiated by Akbar that blended elements of Islam and Hinduism; did not survive his death.	59
333629731	sati	ritual burning of high-caste Hindu women on their husband's funeral pyres.	60
333629732	Taj Mahal	mausoleum for Mumtaz Mahal, built by her husband Shah Jahan; most famous architectural achievement of Mughal India.	61
333629733	Nur Jahan	wife of ruler Jahangir who amassed power at the Mughal court and created a faction ruling the empire during the later years of his reign.	62
333629734	Aurangzeb	son and successor of Shah Jahan; pushed extent of Mughal control in India; reversed previous policies to purify Islam of Hindu influences; incessant warfare depleted the empire's resources; died in 1707.	63
333629735	factories	trading stations with resident merchants established by the Portuguese and other Europeans.	64
333629736	El Mina	important Portuguese factory on the coast of modern Ghana.	65
333629737	lançados	Afro-Portuguese traders who joined the economies of the African interior with coastal centers.	66
333629738	Nzinga Mvemba	ruler of the Kongo kingdom (1507-1543); converted to Christianity and was renamed Afonso I; his efforts to integrate Portuguese and African ways foundered because of the slave trade.	67
333629739	Luanda	Portuguese settlement founded in the 1520s; became the core for the colony of Angola.	68
333629740	Royal African Company	chartered in Britain in the 1660s to establish a monopoly over the African trade; supplied slaves to British New World colonies.	69
333629741	Indies piece	a unit in the complex exchange system of the West African trade; based on the value of an adult male slave.	70
333629742	triangular trade	complex commercial pattern linking Africa, the Americas, and Europe; slaves from Africa went to the New World; American agricultural products went to Europe; European goods went to Africa.	71
333629743	Asante	Akan state the Gold Coast (now Ghana) among the Akan people and centered at Kumasi.	72
333629744	Osei Tutu	important ruler who began centralization and expansion of Asante.	73
333629745	asantehene	title, created by Osei Tutu, of the civil and religious ruler of Asante.	74
333629746	Benin	African kingdom in the Bight of Benin; at the height of its power when Europeans arrived; active slave trading state; famous for if bronze casting techniques.	75
333629747	Dahomey	African state among the Fon or Aja peoples; developed in the 17th century centered at Abomey; became a major slave trading state through utilization of Western firearms	76
333629748	Luo	Nilotic people who migrated from the Upper Nile regions to establish dynasties the lakes region of central Africa.	77
333629749	Usuman Dan Fodio	Muslim Fulani leader who launched a great religious movement among the Hausa..	78
333629750	Great Trek	movement inland during the 1830s of Dutch-ancestry settlers in South Africa seeking to escape their British colonial government.	79
333629751	Shaka	ruler among the Nguni peoples of southeast Africa during the early 19th century; developed military tactics that created the Zulu state.	80
333629752	Mfecane	wars among Africans in southern Africa during the early 19th century; caused migrations and alterations in African political organization.	81
333629753	Swazi and Lesotho	African states formed peoples reacting to the stresses of the Mfecane.	82
333629754	Middle Passage	slave voyage from Africa to the Americas; a deadly and traumatic experience	83
333629755	obeah	African religious practices in the British American islands.	84
333629756	candomble	African religious practices in Brazil among the Yoruba.	85
333629757	vodun	African religious practices among descendants in Haiti.	86
333629758	Palmares	Angolan-led large runaway slave state in 17th-century Brazil	87
333629759	Surinam Maroons	descendants of 18th century runaway slaves who found permanent refuge in the rainforests of Surinam and French Guiana.	88
333629760	William Wilberforce	British reformer who led the abolitionist movement that ended the British slave trade in 1807.	89
333629761	Asian sea trading network	divided, from west to east, into three zones prior to the European arrival; an Arab zone based upon glass, carpets, and tapestries; an Indian with cotton textiles; a Chinese with paper, porcelain, and silks.	90
333629762	Goa	Indian city developed by the Portuguese as a major Indian Ocean base; developed an important Indo-European population	91
333629763	Ormuz	Portuguese establishment at the southern end of the Persian Gulf; a major trading base	92
333629764	Malacca	city on the tip of the Malayan peninsula; a center for trade to the southeastern Asian islands; became a major Portuguese trading base.	93
333629765	Batavia	Dutch establishment on Java; created in 1620.	94
333629766	Treaty of Gijanti (1757)	reduced the remaining independent Javanese princes to vassals of the Dutch East India Company; allowed the Dutch to monopolize Java's coffee production.	95
333629767	Luzon	northern island of the Philippines; conquered by Spain during the 1560s; site of a major Catholic missionary effort.	96
333629768	Mindanao	southern island of the Philippines; a Muslim area able to successfully resist Spanish conquest.	97
333629769	Francis Xavier	Franciscan missionary who worked in India during the 1540s among outcast and lower caste groups; later worked in Japan.	98
333629770	Robert Di Nobli	Italian Jesuit active in India during the early 1600s; failed in a policy of first converting indigenous elites.	99
333629771	Hongwu	first Ming emperor (1368-1403); drove out the Mongols and restored the position of the scholar-gentry.	100
333629772	Macao and Canton	the only two ports in Ming China where Europeans were allowed to trade.	101
333629773	The Water Margin, Monkey, and The Golden Lotus	novels written during the Ming period; recognized as classics and established standards for Chinese prose literature.	102
333629774	Zhenghe	Chinese admiral who led seven overseas trade expeditions under Ming emperor Yunglo between 1405 and 1423; demonstrated that the Chinese were capable of major ocean exploration.	103
333629775	Matteo Ricci and Adam Schall	Jesuit scholars at the Ming court; also skilled scientists; won few converts to Christianity.	104
333629776	Chongzhen	last of the Ming rulers; committed suicide in 1644 as rebels invaded the Forbidden City of Beijing.	105
333629777	Manchus	Jurchen people from region to the northeast of the Chinese empire; seized power and created the Qing dynasty after the collapse of the Ming.	106
333629778	Nobunaga	the first Japanese daimyo to make extensive use of firearms; in 1573 deposed the last Ashikaga shogun; unified much of central Honshu; died in 1582.	107
333629779	Toyotomi Hideyoshi	general under Nobunaga; succeeded as a leading military power in central Japan; continued efforts to break power of the diamyos; became military master of Japan in 1590; died 1598.	108
333629780	Tokugawa Ieyasu	vassal of Toyotomi Hideyoshi; succeeded him as the most powerful military figure in Japan; granted title of shogun in 1603 and established the Tokugawa shogunate; established political unity in Japan.	109
333629781	Edo	Tokugawa capital, modern-day Tokyo; center of Tokugawa shogunate.	110
333629782	Deshima	island port in Nagasaki Bay; the only port open to foreigners, the Dutch, after the 1640s.	111
333629783	School of National Learning	18th-century ideology that emphasized Japan's unique historical experience and the revival of indigenous culture at the expense of Confucianism and other Chinese influences.	112