Chapter 12 other Flashcards

337004778	Rebuilding the Bureaucracy at start of tang	rebuild chinese bureaucracy, confucian ideology, strengthen scholar-gentry class, offset power of land owning aristocracy. capital moved	0
337004779	where does Tang move capital to?	Changan	1
337004780	growing importance of academies in Tang	increased number of academies, train and educate bureaucracies in the confucian classics, emphasis on morals and organization, rise in scholar gentry class (money and power)	2
337004781	what is ministry of rites?	administers exams to students	3
337004782	what exams gave you highest offices if you passed?	philosphy, law or literature	4
337004783	what's Jinshi awarded with?	name announced throughout the Empire; secured highest positions in Government. success= immediate increase in social status	5
337004784	corruption with bureaucracy	eventually wealth/family status means more than exam performance	6
337004785	emphasis on confucian learning threatens	buddhism and aristocracy	7
337004786	pureland	Mahayana Buddhism; popular and salvationist; refuge from war and turmoil. Buddah as savior, "great vehicle"	8
337004787	chan buddhism	zen Buddhism, meditation and appreciation for beauty, appeals to educated/elite. ultimate wisdom-enlightenment; release from cycle of rebirth through meditation	9
337004788	tang rulers and religion	patronize Buddhism and emphasize confucianism	10
337004789	response to Buddhist popularity	taoist and Confucian envy. Taoists promote mysticism. Confucian embrace education and civil service exam	11
337004790	dominant force in China	Confucianism	12
337004791	Song politics	settle for partial restoration. nerver match Tang in political/military strength. promote scholar-gentry class. increased corruption in civil service system. too many bureaucrats with no real responsibility	13
337004792	revival of Confucian thought	emphasis on recovering old texts. new academies focus on classical texts. hostility towards "outside" schools of thought; esp. Buddhism	14
337004793	Neo confucians	focus on ancient teachings. founded by Zhu Xi. reinforce class, age, and gender distinctions, patriarchal ideas	15
337004794	roots of Song decline	increasing number of nomadic tribes along northern borders.	16
337004795	Tangut tribes	from tibet, Xi Xia Empire. force song to pay tribute. increases financial strain	17
337004796	Jurchen tribes	over through Liao dynasty. est. jin dynasty. invade and annex much of song empire- Qin Empire	18
337004797	southern song empire	song forced south move capital to Hangzhou	19
337004798	Grand canal	built by Emperor Yangdi; connects north chinese plain with Yangtze river basin, covers 500+ miles. connects millet regions of north to rice regions of south	20
337004799	tang dynasty promotes exchange with central Asia and middle east	horses, persian rugs, tapestries, silk textiles, porcelain, paper, woods, spices, etc.	21
337004800	junks	ocean and canal going ships used for trade	22
337004801	deposit shops	earliest chinese banks, introduction of paper money	23
337004802	Changan	Tang capital. population of 2million +. estimated 10% of total chinese population lived in cities	24
337004803	Hangzhou	song capital. famed for it's size, wealth and cleanliness	25
337004804	expanding agrarian production	state sponsored migration of peasants to new lands. constructs military garrisons. state regulated irrigation adn canal systems	26
337004805	new farming techniques	fertilizationm wheelbarrow, weeding, soil preparation etc.	27
337004806	breaking up aristocratic estates	increased egalitarianism among peasant farmers	28
337004807	family in Tnag-Song era	extended family household preferred, primarily aristocratic	29
337004808	confucian family influence	patriarchal. preserve heirarchy and social order. children who struck parents/ grandparents-beheaded. 2 1/2 years of hard labor for striking older sibilings. women lack political rights	30
337004809	neo-confucian assertion of male dominance	stresses patriarchal society. women-mothers, homemakers, bearers of sons. advocated virginity of brides, fidelity of wives, chastity for widows, etc. men= pre-marital sex without scandal. could take concubines if they could afford them. women excluded from education and inheritance laws, civil services and politics	31
337004810	footbinding	all classes, as early as age 5; "lotus petal" or "golden lily", pain and difficulty; limited mobility ; easier confinement	32
337004811	glorious age	Creation of banks, paper money, Grand Canal, irrigation systems, arched suspension bridges, explosive gunpowder (fireworks), household chairs, kites, coal as a source of energy, compasses for sea navigation, abacus, movable-type printing, paper, etc.	33
337004812	Scholarly Refinement and Artistic Accomplishment	1. Patronization of Buddhist art and architecture by courts, aristocrats, & wealthy merchants 2. Confucian art and literature	34