AP World History Ch. 26 Flashcards

331286794	ayan	The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule	0
331286796	Selim III	Sultan who ruled Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807 aimed at improving administrative efficiency and building a new army and navy	1
331286798	Mahmud II	Ottoman sultan; built a private, professional army; fomented revolution revolution of Janissaries and crushed them with private army	2
331286801	Tanzimat reforms	Series of reforms in Ottoman Empire btw 1839 and 1876; established Western-style university, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms	3
331286802	Abdul Hamid	Ottoman sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutism during reign from 1878 to 1908; nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties	4
331286804	Ottoman Society for Union and Progress	Organization of political agitators in opposition to rule of Abdul Hamid; also called "Young Turks"	5
331286806	Murad	Head of the coalition of Mamluk rulers in Egypt; opposed Napoleonic invasion of Egypt and suffered devastating defeat	6
331286809	Muhammad Ali	Won power struggle in Egypt following fall of Mamluks; established mastery of all Egypt by 1811; introduced effective army based on Western tactics and supply and a variety of other reforms	7
331286811	khedives	Descendants of Muhammad Ali in Egypt after 1867; formal rulers of Egypt despite French and English intervention until overthrown by coup in 1952	8
331286813	Suez Canal	Built across Isthmus, Suez to connect Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea in 1869; financed by European investors; with increasing indebtedness of khedives, permitted intervention of British into Egyptian politics to protect their investment	9
331286815	al-Afghani	Muslim thinker at the end of the 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology	10
331286817	Muhammad Abduh	Disciple of al-Afghani; Muslim think at end of 19th; recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry	11
331286819	Ahmad Arabi	Egyptian military officer who led a revolt against Turkic dominance in the army in 1882, which forced the Khedival regime to call in British for support	12
331286820	Khartoum	River town that was administrative center of Egyptian authority in Sudan	13
331286821	Muhammad Ahmad	Head of Sudanic Sufi brotherhood; claimed descent from prophet Muhammad; proclaimed both Egyptians and British infidels; launched revolt to purge Islam of impurities; took Khartoum in 1883	14
331286822	Mahdi	In Sufi belief system, a promised deliverer; also name given to Muhammad Achmad, leader of late 19th century revolt against Egyptians and British in Sudan	15
331286823	Khalifa Abdallahi	Successor of Muhammad Achmad as leader of Mahdists in Sudan; established state in Sudan; defeated by British General Kitchener in 1598	16
331286824	Nurhaci	Architect of Manchu unity; created distinctive Manchu banner armies; controlled most of Manchuria	17
331286825	banner armies	Eight armies of the Manchu tribes identified by separate flags; utilized to defeat Ming emperor and establish Qing dynasty	18
331286826	Qing	Manchu dynasty that seized control of China in mid-17th century after decline of Ming; forced submission of nomadic peoples far to the west and compelled tribute from Vietnam and Burma to the south	19
331286827	Kangxi	Confucian scholar and Manchu emperor of Qing dynasty from 1661 to 1722; established high degree of Sinification among the Manchus	20
331286828	compradors	Wealthy new group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty; specialized in the import-export trade on China's south coast	21
331286829	Opium War	Fought btw the British and Qing beginning in 1839; fought to protect British trade in opium; resulted in resounding British victory, opening of Hong Kong as British port of trade	22
331286830	Lin Zexu	Distinguished Chinese official charged with stamping out opium trade in southern China; ordered blockade of European trading areas in Canton and confiscation of opium	23
331286831	Taiping Rebellion	1850s to 1860s; led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi-Christianized prophet; sought to overthrow Qing and Confucian basis of scholar-gentry	24
331286832	Hong Xiuquan	Leader of Taiping rebellion; converted to specifically Chinese form of Christianity; attacked traditional Confucain teachings of Chinese elite	25
331286833	Zeng Guofan	Qing official who raised effective military forces against the Taiping assault on Northern China	26
331286834	self-strengthening movement	Late 19th century movement in China to counter the challenge from the West; led by provincial leaders	27
331286835	Cixi	Ultraconservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Qing dynasty	28
331286836	Boxer Rebellion	Popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from China; failed because of intervention of armies of Western powers in China; defeat of China enhanced control by Europeans and the power of provincial officials	29
331286837	Sun Yat-sen	Head of Revolutionary Alliance, organization that led 1911 revolt against Qing; briefly electeed president in 1911, but yielded in favor of Yuan Shikai in 1912; created Nationalist party of China in 1919; died 1925	30
331286838	Puyi	Last emperor of China; deposed as emperor while still a small boy in 1912	31