AP World Terms Test Flashcards

335450498	Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabela of Castile	monarchs of Christian kingdoms; their marriage created the future Spain; initiated exploration of New World	0
335450499	Enconmiendas	grants of estates Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Latin America; established a framework for relations based on economic dominance.	1
335450500	Hispaniola	1st island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards by Columbus on his second voyage	2
335450501	Bartolome de las Casas	Dominican friar who supported peaceful converstion of native American population; opposed forced labor and advocated Indian rights	3
335450502	Hernan Cortes	led expedition to Mexico in 1519; defeated Aztec empire and established Spanish colonial rule	4
335450503	Moctezuma II	The last independent Aztec ruler, killed during Cortes' conquest	5
335450504	Mexico City	Capital of New Spain built on ruins of Tenochtitlan	6
335450505	New Spain	Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica in territories once part of Aztec imperial system	7
335450506	Francisco Pizarro	Began conquest of Inca empire in 1535.	8
335450507	Pedro de Valdivia	Spanish conqueror of Araucanian Indians in Chile; established City of Santiago in 1541.	9
335450508	Mita	Forced labor system replacing Indian slaves and enconmienda workers; used to mobilize labor for mines and other projects	10
335450509	Colombian Exchange	exchange occuring after European arrival - people, plants, animals, diseases	11
335450510	Potosi	Largest New World silver mine; Bolivia	12
335450511	Huancavelica	Greatest mercury deposit in S.A., used in American silver production	13
335450512	Haciendas	rural agricultural and herding estates; produced for consumers in America; basis for wealth and power of the local aristocracy	14
335450513	Casa de la Contratacion	Spanish Board of Trade operated out of Seville; regulated commerce with New World	15
335450514	Consulado	merchant guild of Seville with virtual monopoly over goods shipped to Spanish America, handled silver	16
335450515	Galleons	Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from the colonies to Spain; basis of convoy system used for transportation of bullion	17
335450516	Treaty of Tordesillas	concluded in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession; New World Brazil went to Protugal and the rest to Spain	18
335450517	Recopilacion	Body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish New World possessions; basis of law in the Indies	19
335450518	Council of the Indies	Spanish government body issuing laws and advising king on all issues dealing with the New World colonies	20
335450519	Letrados	unniversity-trained lawyers from Spain; basic personnel of Spanish colonial bureaucracy	21
335450520	Viceroyalties	Major divisions of Spanish New World colonies headed by direct representatives of king; one in Lima one in Mexico City	22
335450521	Audiencia	Royal courts of appeals established in Spanish New World colonies; staffed by professional magistrates who made and applied laws	23
335450522	Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz	17th Century author, poet, musician of New Spain; gave up secular concerns to concentrate on the spiritual matters	24
335450523	Pedro Alvares Cabral	Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; landed Brazil in 1500	25
335450524	Captaincies	Areas along Brazilian coast granted to Portugal nobles for colonial development	26
335450525	Minas Gerais	Brazilian region where gold was discovered in 1695; a gold rush followed	27
335450526	Paulistas	backwoodsmen from Sao Paulo, Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals during 17th century	28
335450527	Rio de Janeiro	Brazilian port used for mines of Minas Gerais; became capital in 1763	29
335450528	Sociedad de Castas	Spanish American social system based on racial origins; Europeans, mixed race, Indians and Africans	30
335450529	Peninsulares	Spanish-born residents of the New World	31
335450530	Creoles	Whites born in New World; dominated local economies; ranked socially below peninsulares	32
335450531	Amigos de Pais	Clubs and associations dedicated to reform in Spanish colonies; fluorished during 18th century; called for material improvement rather than political reform	33
335450532	War of the Spanish Succession	Caused by succession of the Bourbon family to the Spaish throne in 1701; ended by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in recognition of the Bourbons, territorial loss, and grants of commercial rights to English and French	34
335450533	Charles III	Spanish enlightened monarch (1759-1788); instituted fiscal, administrative, and military reforms in Spain and its empire	35
335450534	Commercio libre	opened trade in ports of Spain and the Indies to all Spanish merchants during the reign of Charles III; undercut monopoly of consulados	36
335450535	Jose de Galvez	Spanish minister of the Indies and chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminate creoles from the upper colonial bureaucracy; created intendents of for local government	37
335450536	Marquis of Pombal	Prime Minister of Portugal (1755-1776); strengthened royal authority in Brazil, expelled the Jesuits, enacted fiscal reforms, and established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy	38
335450537	Comunero Revolt	a popular revolt against Spanish rule in new Granada in 1781; suppressed due to government concessions and divisions among rebels	39
335450538	Tupac Amaru	Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many in the lower social classes; revolt failed because of creole fears of real social revolution	40
335450539	Ottomans	Turkish people who advanced into Asia Minor during the 14th century; established an empire in the Middle East, North Africa, and eastern Europe that lasted until after WWI	41
335450540	Mehmed II	Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"; captured Constantinople and destroyed Byzantine empire	42
335450541	Janissaries	conscripted youths from conquered regions who were trained as Ottoman infantry divisions; became an important political influence after 15th century.	43
335450542	Vizier	head of the Ottoman bureaucracy; after 16th century often more powerful than the sultan	44
335450543	Suleymaniye mosque	great mosque built in Constantinople during the 16th century Ottoman ruler Suleyman the magnificent	45
335450544	Safavid Dynasty	founded by Turkish nomad family with Shi'a Islamic beliefs; established a kingdom in Iran and ruled until 1722	46
335450545	Safi al-Din	Sufi mystic and first ruler of the Safavid dynasty	47
335450546	Isma'il	Safavid leader; conquered the city of Tabriz in 1501 and was proclaimed shah	48
335450547	Chaldiran	an important battle between Safavids and Ottomans in 1514; Ottoman victory demonstrated importance of firearms and checked the western advance of Shi'a state	49
335450548	Abbas I the Great	Safavid shah (1587-1629); extended empire to greatest extent' used Western military technology	50
335450549	Imams	Shi'a religious leaders who traced their descent to Ali's successors	51
335450550	Mullahs	Religious leaders under the Safavids; worked to convert all subjects Sh'ism	52
335450551	Isfahan	Safavid capital under Abbas the Great; planned city exemplifying Safavid architechture	53
335450552	Mughal Dynasty	established by Turkish invaders in 1526; endured until mid-19th century	54
335450553	Babur	Turkish leader who founded Mughal dynasty; died in 1530	55
335450554	Humayn	son and successor of Babur; expelled from India in 1540 but returned to restore the dynasty in 1556	56
335450555	Akbar	son and successor of Humayn; built up military and administrative structure of the dynasty; followed policies of cooperation and tolerance with Hindu majority	57
335450556	Din-i-Ilahi	religion initiated by Akbar that blended elements of Islam and Hinduism; did not survive his death	58
335450557	Sati	ritual burning of high-caste Hindu women on their husbands' funeral pyres	59
335450558	Taj Mahal	Mausoleum for Mumtuz Mahal, built by her husband Shah Jahan; most famous architectural achievement of Mughal India	60
335450559	Nur Jahan	wife of ruler Jahangir who amassed power at the Mughal court and created a faction ruling the empire during the later years of his reign	61
335450560	Aurangzeb	son and successor of Shah Jahan; pushed extent of Mughal control in India; reversed previous policies to purify Islam of Hindu influences; incessant warfare depleted the empire's resources; died in 1707	62
335450561	Factories	Trading stations with resident merchants established by the Portuguese and other Europeans	63
335450562	El Mina	important Portuguese factory on the coast of modern Ghana	64
335450563	Lancados	Afro-Portuguese traders who joined the economies of African interior with coastal centers	65
335450564	Nzinga Mvemba	ruler of the Kongo kingdom (1507-1543); converted to Christianity and was renamed Alfonso I; his efforts to integrate Portuguese and African ways foundered because of the slave trade	66
335450565	Luanda	Portuguese settlement founded in 1520s; became the core for the colony of Angola	67
335450566	Royal African Company	chartered in Britain in the 1660s to establish a monopoly over the African trade; supplied slaves to British New World colonies	68
335450567	Indies piece	a unit in the complex exchange system of the West African trade; based on the value of an adult male slave	69
335450568	Triangular Trade	complex commercial pattern linking Africa, the Americas, and Europe; slaves from Africa go to New World, American agriculture goes to Europe, European goods go to Africa	70
335450569	Asante	Akan state the Gold Coast (now Ghana) among the Akan people and centered at Kumasi	71
335450570	Osei Tutu	important ruler who began centralization and expansion of Asante	72
335450571	Asantehene	title, created by Osei Tutu, of the civil and religious ruler of Asante	73
335450572	Benin	African kingdom in the Bight of Benin; at the height of its power when Europeans arrived; active slave trading state; famous for bronze casting	74
335450573	Dahomey	African state among the fOn or Aja peoples; developed in 17th century centered at Abomey; became a major slave trading state through Western firearms	75
335450574	Luo	Nilotic people who migrated from the Upper Nile regions to establish dynasties the lakes regions of central Africa	76
335450575	Usuman Dan Fodio	Muslim Fulani leader who launched a great religious movement among the Hausa	77
335450576	Great Trek	movement inland during 1830s of Dutch-ancestry settlers in South Africa seeking to escape British colonial government	78
335450577	Shaka	ruler among the Nguni peoples of S.E. Africa during early 19th century; caused migrations and alterations in African political organizations	79
335450578	Swazi and Lesotho	African states formed peoples reacting to the stresses of the Mfecane	80
335450579	Mfecane	wars among Africans in S. Africa during early 19th century; caused migrations and alterations in political organizations	81
335450580	Middle Passage	slave voyage from Africa to the Americas; a deadly and traumatic experience	82
335450581	Obeah	African religious practices in the British American islands	83
335450582	Candomble	African religious practices in Brazil among the Yoruba	84
335450583	Vodun	African religious practices among descendants in Haiti	85
335450584	Palmares	Angolan-led large runaway slave state in 17th-century Brazil	86
335450585	Surinam Maroons	descendants of 18th century runaway slaves who found permanent refuge in the rainforests of Surinam and French Guiana	87
335450586	William Wilberforce	British reformer who led the abolitionist movement that ended the British slave trade in 1807	88
335450587	Asian sea trading network	divided fr. E to W into three zones prior to European arrival; Arab zone based upon glass, carpets, tapestries; Indian with cotton textiles; Chinese with paper, porcelain, silks	89
335450588	Goa	Indian city developed by Portuguese as major Indian base; developed an important Indo-European population	90
335450589	Ormuz	Portuguese establishment at the southern end of Persian Gulf; a major trading base	91
335450590	Malacca	city on the tip of the Malayan peninsula; a center for trade to the Southeastern Asian islands; became major Portuguese trading base	92
335450591	Batavia	Dutch establishment on Java; created 1620	93
335450592	Treaty of Gijanti	reduced remaining independent Javanese princes to vassals of the Dutch East India Company; allowed Dutch to monopolize Java's coffee production	94
335450593	Luzon	Northern island of the Philippines; conquered by Spain during 1560s; site of a major Catholic missionary effort	95
335450594	Mindanao	Southern island of the Philippines; a Muslim area able to successfully resist Spanish conquest	96
335450595	Francis Xavier	Franciscan missionary who worked in India during the 1540s among outcast and lower caste groups; later worked in Japan	97
335450596	Robert Di Nobli	Italian Jesuit active in India during the early 1600s; failed in a policy of first converting indigenous elites	98
335450597	Hongwu	first Ming emperor (1368-1403); drove out Mongols and restored the position of the scholar-gentry	99
335450598	Macao and Canton	the only two ports in Ming China where Europeans were allowed to trade	100
335450599	The Water Margin, Monkey, and the Golden Lotus	novels written during Ming period; recognized as classics and established the standards for Chinese prose literature	101
335450600	Zhenghe	Chinese admiral who led seven overseas trade expeditions under Ming emperor Yunglo between 1405 and 1423; demonstrated that the Chinese were capable of major ocean exploration	102
335450601	Matteo Ricci and Adam Schall	Jesuit scholars at the Ming court; also skilled scientists, won a few converts to Christianity	103
335450602	Chongzhen	last of the Ming rulers; committed suicide in 1644 as rebels invaded the Forbidden City	104
335450603	Manchu	Jurchen people from region to the northeast of Chinese empire; seized power and created the Qing dynasty after the collapse of the Ming	105
335450604	Nobunaga	first Japanese daimyo to make extensive use of firearms; in 1573 deposed the last Ashikaga shogun; unified much of central Honshu; died in1582.	106
335450605	Toyotomi Hideyoshi	general under Nobunaga; succeeded as a leading military power in central Japan; granted title of shogun in 1603 and establihsed the Tokugawa shogunate; established political unity in Japan	107
335450606	Edo	Tokugawa capital, modern-day Tokyo; center of Tokugawa shogunate	108
335450607	Deshima	island port in Nagasaki Bay, the only port open to foreigners; the Dutch; after the 1640s	109
335450608	School of National Learning	18th-century ideology that emphasized Japan's unique historical experience and the revival of indigenous culture at the expense of Confucianism and other Chinese influences	110