Ap Biology Ch. 42

55890165	Blood	A type of connective tissue with a fluid matrix called plasma in which blood cells are suspended
55890166	Blood vessels	a set of tubes through which the blood moves through the body
55890167	Heart	A muscular pump that uses metabolic energy to elevate hydrostatic pressure of blood. Blood then flows down a pressure gradient through blood vessels that eventually return blood to the heart
55890168	Open circulatory systems	an arrangement of internal transport in which blood bathes the organs directly and there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid
55890169	Closed circulatory systems	blood is continued to vessels and is kept separate from interstitial fluid
55890170	Cardiovascular system	A closed circulatory system with a heart and branching network of arteries, capillaries, and veins the system is characteristic of vertebrates
55890171	Atria	a chamber that receives blood returning to the vertebrate heart
55890172	Ventricles	A heart chamber that pumps blood out of a heart. or a space in the vertebrate brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid
55890173	Arteries	A vessel that carries blood away from the heart to organs throughout the body
55890174	Veins	a vessel that returns blood to the heart
55890175	Capillaries	a microscopic blood vessel that penetrates the tissues and consists of a single layer of endothelical cells that allows exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid
55890176	Pulmonary circuit	the branch of the circulatory system that supplies the lungs
55890177	Systemic circuit	the branch of the circulatory system that supplies all body organs and then returns oxygen poor blood to the right atrium via the veins
55890178	Cardiac cycle	the alternating contractions and relaxations of the heart
55890179	Systole	the stage of the heart cycle in which the heart muscle contracts and the chambers pump blood
55890180	Diastole	the stage of the heart cycle in which the heart muscle is relaxed, allowing the chambers to fill with blood
55890181	Heart rate	the rate of heart contraction
55890182	Stroke volume	the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in each contraction
55890183	Atrioventricular valves	A valve in the heart between each atrium and ventricle that prevents a backflow of blood when the ventricles contract
55890184	Semilunar valves	a valve located at the two exits of the heart where the aorta leaves the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricle
55890185	Sinoatrial node	A region of specialized muscle tissue between the right atrium and right ventricle. it generates electrical impulses that primarily causes the ventricles to contract
55890186	Atrioventricular node	A region of specialized muscle tissue between the right atrium and right ventricle. It generates electrical impulses that primarily cause the ventricles to contract
55890187	Lymphatic system	a system of vessels and lymph nodes separate from the circulatory system that returns fluid and protein to the blood
55890188	Lymph	the colorless fluid derived from interstitial fluid in the lymphatic system of vertebrate animals
55890189	Lymph nodes	organs located along lymph vessels. they filter lymph and help attack viruses and bacteria
55890190	Plasma	the liquid matrix of blood in which the cells are suspended
55890191	Eyrthrocytes	A red blood cell contains hemoglobin which functions in transporting oxygen in the circulatory system
55890192	Leukocytes	a white blood cell typically functions in immunity such as phagocytosis or antibody produtcion
55890193	Platelets	a small enucleated blood cell important in blood clotting; derived from large cells in the bone marrow
55890194	Fibrinogen	the inactive form of the plasma protein that is converted to the active form fibrin which aggregates into threads that form the framework of a blood clot
55890195	Fibrin	he activated form of the blood clotting protein fibrinogen which aggregates into threads that form the fabric of the clot
55890196	Gills	a localized extension of the body surface of many aquatic animals, specialized for gas exchange
55890197	Countercurrent exchange	the opposite flow of adjacent fluids that maximizes transfer rates; for example, blood in the gills flows in the opposite direction in which water passes over the gills, maximizing oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide loss.
55890198	Tracheal systems	a gas exchange system of branched, chitin-lined tubes that infiltrate the body and carry oxygen directly to cells in insects
55890199	Larynx	the voice box containing the vocal cords
55890200	Trachea	the windpipe; that portion of respiratory tube that has C-shaped cartilaginous rings and passes from larynx to two bronchi
55890201	Bronchi	one of a pair of breathing tubes that branch from the trachea into the lungs
55890202	Bronchioles	fine brances of the bronchus that transport air to alveoli
55890203	Alveoli	one of the deadend multilobed air sacs that constitute the gas exchange surface of the lungs
55890204	Diaphragm	a sheet of muscle that forms the bottom wall of the thoracic cavity in mammals; active in ventilating the lungs
55890205	Partial pressure	the concentration of gases a fraction of total pressure
55890206	Hemoglobin	iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen for delivery to cells
55890207	Bohr shift	A lowering of the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen caused by a drop in PH; facilitates the release of oxygen from hemoglobin in the vanity of active tissues.