American Pageant Chapter 35 Key Terms

156049177	ABC-1 agreement	Agreement between the US and Britain to "get Germany first" before worrying about Japan.
156049178	Executive Order No. 9066	Law that forced many Japanese-Americans into internment camps, potentially unconstitutional although deemed so by the Supreme Court.
156049179	Japanese Internment Camps	Camps where many Japanese-Americans were kept for fear of their being spies from Japan, although many were US-born.
156049180	Korematsu v. US	Case where the Supreme Court held up the constitutionality of Japanese relocation.
156049181	War Production Board (WPB)	Government agency created to assist in wartime production.
156049182	national speed limit	Law created to save rubber.
156049183	Office of Price Administration (OPA)	Government agency created to control ascending prices and provide rationing.
156049184	National War Labor Board (NWLB)	Government agency that imposed ceilings on wage increases; contested by many labor unions.
156049185	Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act	Authorized the federal government so seize and operate tied-up industries, made strikes against any government-operated industry a criminal offense. Allowed the government to temporarily take control of the coal mines and railroads.
156049186	WAACs	Women serving in the army.
156049187	WAVES	Women serving in the navy.
156049188	SPARs	Women serving in the coast guard.
156049189	Bracero Program	Agreement with Mexico that allowed thousands of Mexican agricultural workers across the border to harvest the fruit and grain crops of the West.
156049190	Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC)	Government agency that forbid discrimination in defense industries.
156049191	Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)	Militant organization committed to nonviolent "direct action" on the behalf of race relations.
156111751	mechanical cotton picker	Invention that caused the migration of many southern blacks to the northern factories.
156111752	code talkers	Comanche and Navajo Indians used in the war to transmit messages in order that they would not be intercepted.
156111753	Burma Road	Route over which the United States had been trucking a trickle of munition to China's armies, cut by Japan, and forced American aviators to fly in war supplies over the Himalayan mountains.
156111754	Bataan Death March	Eighty-mile march of surrendered American soldiers by the Japanese military.
156111755	Coral Sea	Crucial naval battle in 1942 that inflicted heavy losses on the Japanese; all fighting was done by carrier-based aircraft.
156111756	Battle of Midway	Battle where Japan hoped to occupy a strategic island northwest of Honolulu, but Japan failed after losing four vitally important carriers.
156111757	Guadalcanal	American advance on an island, Japanese troops eventually evacuated with large losses.
156111758	island hopping	Strategy used by American troops in the Pacific in order to bypass some of the most heavily fortified ports and capturing nearby islands.
156111759	Marianas	Important islands that allowed the United States to fire directly on Japan's home islands.
156111760	Great Marianas "Turkey Shoot"	Successful defensive naval battle that destroyed many Japanese aircraft.
156111761	Battle of the Philippine Sea	US advance that sank many Japanese carriers. The Japanese navy never recovered from these massive losses of planes, pilots, and ships.
156111762	Suicide Cliff	A mass suicide leap of surviving Japanese soldiers and civilians after the Marianas fell to the US attackers.
156111763	wolf packs	Hitler's submarine technique that sank many US ships.
156111764	Enigma	Germans' codes.
156111765	Battle of the Atlantic	Victory of the Allies over German U-Boats.
156111766	Unconditional surrender	Agreement between Winston Churchill and FDR on the end of the war; one of the most controversial moves of the war.
156111767	D-Day	Invasion of France through Normandy, Germans were misled by expecting the blow to fall further north.
156111768	Battle of the Bulge	Hitler's "last throw of his reserves," pushed Allies back a little but ultimately failed.
156111769	V-E (Victory in Europe) Day	Marked the unconditional surrender of the German government after Hitler's suicide.
156111770	Iwo Jima	Island captured by US in order to make it a haven for damaged American bombers returning from Japan.
156111771	Okinawa	US victory with many casualties, allowed closer bases from which to bomb Japan.
156111772	kamikazes	Japanese suicide pilots.
156111773	Potsdam Conference	Conference in Berlin between Truman, Stalin, and British leaders that delivered an ultimatum to Japan.
156111774	Manhattan Project	Project to develop the atomic bomb, helped by Albert Einstein.
156111775	Hiroshima	First site of the atomic bomb attack on Japan on August 6, 1945.
156111776	Nagasaki	Second site of the atomic bomb attack on Japan on August 9, 1945.
156111777	V-J (Victory in Japan) Day	Unconditional surrender of the Japanese government after the atomic explosions.