AP Bio Unit 4
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| 268265099 | Chromatin | -Loosely coiled DNA -DNA in normal cells that are not dividing -"Plate of spaghetti" | |
| 268265100 | Chromosomes | -Tightly coiled DNA -Present during cell division | |
| 268265101 | Chromatid | -Half of chromosome -Sister chromatids=identical | |
| 268265102 | Centromere | -Where sister chromatids attach together | |
| 268265103 | Histones | -Proteins that DNA wrap around | |
| 268265104 | How many chromosomes do humans have? | 46 | |
| 268265105 | Central Dogma of DNA | DNA>RNA>Proteins>characteristics | |
| 268265106 | What are the advantages of DNA as chromatin? | -Easier for enzymes to find the part they need to transcribe -Easy transcription & replication | |
| 268265107 | What is the advantage of DNA as chromosomes? | -Needed for cell division -Seperate copies of DNA | |
| 268265108 | Euchromatin | -Dense -In cells where parts aren't needed, they won't be transcribed -Not expressed | |
| 268265109 | Heterochromatin | -Less dense -Expressed by cell | |
| 268265110 | Characteristics of prokaryotic division/replication/chromosomes | -Binary fission -Single, circular chromosome -Less information -Plasmids -No junk DNA -Quick and efficient -1 DNA polymerase -Asexual -1 replication origin | |
| 268265111 | Characteristics of eukaryotic division/replication/chromosomes | -Mitosis/meiosis -Multiple, linear chromosomes -Carry many genes -No plasmids -Junk DNA (introns) -Slower -Multiple replication origins -Bidirectional -Multiple DNA polymerases -Asexual/sexual | |
| 268265112 | Stages of Mitosis | -Interphase (Not dividing) -Prophase -Metaphase -Anaphase -Telophase/cytokinesis | |
| 268265113 | Diploid | -Full # of chromosomes | |
| 268265114 | Haploid | -Half # of chromosomes | |
| 268265115 | Incomplete dominance | -Blending of phenotypes | |
| 268265116 | Co-dominance | -Both phenotypes are shown | |
| 268265117 | Which blood type is the universal donor and why? | Type O because it has no antigen marker on its blood cells, so other antibodies won't detect it as foreign | |
| 268265118 | Which blood type is the universal acceptor and why? | Type AB because it does not have any antibodies to detect foreign blood types | |
| 268265119 | Sex-linked genes are found on which chromosome? | The X chromosome | |
| 268265120 | What are the three main parts of a DNA nucleotide? | 1. Deoxyribose sugar (5C) 2. Phosphate group 3. Nitrogenous bases | |
| 268265121 | Purines | Nitrogenous bases with a double ring; Adenine and guanine | |
| 268265122 | Pyramidines | Nitrogenous bases with a single ring; Thymine and cytosine | |
| 268265123 | What ensures that the right nitrogenous bases will pair with eachother? | The number of hydrogen bonds: Adenine and Thymine have 2; Guanine and Cytosine have 3 | |
| 268265124 | What type of bond occurs between sugar and phosphate? | Covalent bond; Phosphodiester bond | |
| 268265125 | Which carbon does a phosphate bind to a sugar within its own nucleotide on? | 5 prime | |
| 268265126 | Which carbon does a phosphate bind to a sugar from another nucleotide on? | 3 prime | |
| 268265127 | What is the direction of DNA replication on a new strand? | 5 prime to 3 prime | |
| 268265128 | What is the mechanism for replication? | Semiconservative; one original strand, one new strand | |
| 268265129 | What was the significance of the Meselson and Stahl experiment? | -Supported the semiconservative theory | |
| 268265130 | Law of Segregation | -The Law of Segregation states that every individual possesses a pair of alleles (assuming diploidy) for any particular trait and that each parent passes a randomly selected copy (allele) of only one of these to its offspring | |
| 268265131 | Law of Independent Assortment | -The Law of Independent Assortment, also known as "Inheritance Law" states that separate genes for separate traits are passed independently of one another from parents to offspring |