Biology Chapter 11
quiz 1/23/12
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| 297212918 | genetics | Scientific study of heredity | |
| 297212919 | fertilization | process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell | |
| 297212920 | true-breeding | term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate | |
| 297212921 | trait | specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another | |
| 297212922 | hybrids | offspring of crosses between parents with different traits | |
| 297212923 | genes | sequence of DNA that codes for a protien and thus determines a trait | |
| 297212924 | alleles | one of a number of different forms of a gene | |
| 297212925 | segregation | separation of alleles during gamete formation | |
| 297212926 | gametes | specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction | |
| 297212927 | genetics | What is the key to understanding what makes each organism unique? | |
| 297212928 | inheritance | a set of characteristics passed on from parents | |
| 297212929 | trait | a specific characteristic | |
| 297212930 | gregor mendel | -founder of modern genetics -born in 1822, near australia -Austinian monk& caretaker of monastery garden | |
| 297212931 | pea plants | What plants did Mendel use for his experiments ? | |
| 297212932 | hybrid | the offspring of the crosses between parents with different traits | |
| 297212933 | monohybrid cross | crossing plants that differ in only one trait | |
| 297212934 | F2 | when do the recessive genes begin to appear again? | |
| 297212935 | probability | likelihood that a particular event will occur | |
| 297212936 | punnett square | diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross | |
| 297212937 | homozygous | term used to refer to an organism that has two identical alleles for the same trait | |
| 297212938 | phenotype | physical characteristics of an organism | |
| 297212939 | genotype | genetic makeup of an organism | |
| 297212940 | 1. Biological inheritance is determined by factors that are passed on from one generation to the next. 2. "The Principal of Dominance" | What were Mendels two conclusions after he did his studies? | |
| 297212941 | segregation | it occurs during the formation of gametes. Each gamete carries only a single copy of each gene. After fertilization it has 2 copies. | |
| 297212942 | The Principal of Probabliliy | what does genetics use to predict outcomes? | |
| 297212944 | independent assortment | independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes. | |
| 297212945 | incomplete dominance | situation in which both alleles is not completely dominant over another. | |
| 297212946 | codominance | situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism | |
| 297212947 | multiple alleles | 3 or more alleles of the same gene | |
| 297212948 | polygenic traits | trait controlled by 2 or more genes | |
| 297212949 | principle of independent assortment | genes for differnet traits segregate independently of eachother during gamete formation (aka miosis) | |
| 297212950 | what accounts for genetic variation? | principal of independent assortment | |
| 297212951 | segregation | -only one allele from each parent went to each offspring | |
| 301421015 | gametes | specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction | |
| 301421016 | karyotype | -an orderly array of chromosomes from an individual -the chromosomes are set in pairs -the pairs are then lined up according to size | |
| 301421017 | size shape banding patterns | how are homologous chromosomes the same? | |
| 301421018 | homolog | a match that each chromosomes have. (this is why normal organisms always have an even number) | |
| 301421019 | autosomes | the first 22 pair of chromosomes | |
| 301421020 | sex chromosomes | the 23rd pair of chromosomes. These determine the person's gender | |
| 301421021 | males | what gender has one x chromosome and one y? | |
| 301421022 | female | what gender has two x chromosomes | |
| 301421023 | y is smaller | how do you tell the difference between an x chromosome and a y | |
| 301429071 | diploid | total number of chromosomes | |
| 301429072 | 46 | how many chromosomes do humans have | |
| 301429073 | haploid cells | cells with a single set | |
| 301429074 | having 2 sets of chromosomes | what is a key factor in the human life cycle? | |
| 301429075 | fertiliation | the process where two haploid cells (one from mother and one from father) are fused to form a fertilized egg called a zygote | |
| 301429076 | zygote | the fertilized egg as a result from the process of fertilization | |
| 304556535 | 2n | How is a zygote abbrieviated? | |
| 304556536 | stomatic cells | body cells | |
| 304609060 | how many chromosomes are in mitosis? (in humans) | 46 | |
| 304609061 | how many chromosomes are in meiosis? (in humans) | 23 | |
| 304609062 | meiosis | gametes are formed in _____ | |
| 304609063 | diploid | what type of cells does mitosis produce? | |
| 304609064 | haploid | what type of cells does meiosis produce? | |
| 304609065 | meiosis 1 | When are homologous chromosomes separated from one another? | |
| 304609066 | meiosis 2 | when are sister chromatids separated in the same manner as in mitosis? | |
| 304609067 | interphase | meiosis begins after _______ | |
| 304609068 | prophase | the largest differences between mitosis & meiosis occur in _____phase | |
| 304609069 | -longer -more complex | what is the difference between mitosis and meiosis in prophase? | |
| 304609070 | tetrads | In prophase chromosomes pair up and form ______ | |
| 304609071 | 4 | how many chromatids are in a tetrad? | |
| 304609072 | genetic recombination | what major phase occurs in prophase? | |
| 304609073 | genetic recombination | when the chromatids of the homologous chromosomes cross over one another. The crossed sections, which contain alleles) are exchanged. This produces new combos. | |
| 304609074 | metaphase 1 | phase where tetrads align in the middle two by two. | |
| 304609075 | anaphase 1 | phase where chromosomes move to opposite cell poles *sister chromosomes stay together | |
| 304609076 | Telophase & Cytokinesis 1 | at the end of these two phases there are 2 daughter cells produced, each with the number of chromosomes of the original parent cell. -genetic material doesn't replicate again | |
| 304609077 | prophase 2 | phase where in each haploid cell the same process as process as in prophase of mitosis occurs. | |
| 304609078 | metaphase 2 | -chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell -spindle microtubules attach to each sister chromatid | |
| 304609079 | anaphase 2 | -the sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles. -The chromatids are now considered separate individual chromosomes | |
| 304609080 | telophase & cytokinesis 2 | -splits the cells one more time producing 4 haploid cells. | |
| 304609081 | 2 | how many cell divisions are in meiosis? | |
| 304609082 | 1 | how many cell divisions are in mitosis? | |
| 304609083 | no | in mitosis are there pairing of homologous chromosomes? | |
| 304609084 | no | in mitosis is there exchange of genetic material between chromosomes? | |
| 304609085 | yes | in meiosis is ther exchange of ginetic material between chromosomes? | |
| 304609086 | meiosis | what process leads to ginetic variation- meiosis or mitosis | |
| 304609087 | gregor mendel | who is the father of genetics? | |
| 304609088 | filial | the first ________ generation is the offspring of the P, or parental, generation. | |
| 304609089 | genes | traits of an organism are controlled by its ___________ | |
| 304609090 | probability | the likelihood an event will occur |