Ch 34 Vetrebrate Evolution

Campbell

329017343	chordates	an animal phylum that has a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, and gill slits at some time in its life cycle
329017344	vertebrates	animals with backbones
329017345	notochord	long supporting rod that runs through a chordate's body just below the nerve cord
329017346	urochordates	A chordate without a backbone, commonly called a tunicate, a sessile marine animal.
329017347	lancelets	member of the subphylum Cephalochordata, small blade-shaped marine chordates that lack a backbone
329017348	somites	a body segment, present in series, i.e. metameric segmentation.
329017349	cephalochordates	A chordate without a backbone, represented by lancelets, tiny marine animals.
329017350	paedogenesis	The precocious development of sexual maturity in a larva.
329017351	neural crest	Group of cells that develop from the nerve cord and from portions of the brain and skull, certain sense organs and some nerve fibers
329017352	craniata	The chordate subgroup that possess a cranium.
329017353	gnathostomes	vertebrates that have jaws
329017354	tetrapods	vertebrate animals having four feet, legs or leglike appendages
329017355	amniotes	member of a clade of tetrapods that have an amniotic egg containing specialized membranes that protect the embryo; mammals, birds+reptiles
329017356	agnathans	jawless, gill tissue internal to brachial skeleton, gill openings are pores, notochord is persistent in adults, paired fins are absent, ex lamprey
329017357	myxini	least derived craniate lineage; hagfish; lack jaw/vertebrae; looks like snake in water; predator
329017358	cephalaspidomorphi	- lampreys - only true parasitic vertebrate teeth around mouth used to suck blood and flesh - larvae in freshwater, most migrate to sea - cartilage skeleton
329017359	ostracoderms	earliest agnathans, very abundant in their time period, jawless filter feeders, had tails and many did not have fins only a few inches long
329017360	conodonts	slender, soft bodied vertebrates with prominent eyes that were controlled by numerous muscles and armored; extinct
329017361	placoderms	Fish that had bony plates covering their heads rather than the scales that cover the heads of fish today. Assumed to be extinct.
329017362	acathodians	Synapomorphies: 1st bony fishes oldest fossils of bony fishes mid surface water feeders 440-280 ma fw and marine some school extinct
329017363	chondrichythes	a) have jaws b) paired fins c) gill openings not covered d) skeleton of cartilage
329017364	lateral line	sense organs of fish and amphibians
329017365	oviparous	term used to refer to animals whose eggs hatch outside the mother's body
329017366	viviparous	producing living young (not eggs)
329017367	ovoviviparous	producing living young from eggs that hatch within the body
329017368	osteichythes	vast majority of gnathosomes belong to this clade, boney fish
329017369	opeculum	bony flap that covers and protects the gills
329017370	swim bladder	an air-filled sac near the spinal column in many fishes that helps maintain buoyancy
329017371	actinopterygii	group of ray-finned bony fish including sturgeon and gar
329017372	actinistia	a subclass of mostly fossil lobe-finned fishes. This subclass contains the coelacanths, including the two living coelacanths, the West Indian Ocean coelacanth and the king of the sea. [edit] See also
329017373	dipnoi	bony fishes of the southern hemisphere that breathe by a modified air bladder as well as gills, lungfish
329017374	amphibia	in larva form - tadpole, in water possess gills, tail and no legs; in adult form - live on land, has lungs, 2 pairs of legs, no tail, 3-chambered heart, no scales, utilizes external fertilization (frogs, salamandars)
329017375	urodela	The order of salamanders that includes tetrapod amphibians with tails.
329017376	anura	frogs, toads, tree toads
329017377	apoda	order of legless caecilians
329017378	extraembryonic membranes	Four membranes (yolk sac, amnion, chorion, allantois) that support the developing embryo in reptiles, birds, and mammals.
329017379	synapsids	Early mammalian ancestors with only one temporal fenestra behind the eye socket
329017380	anapsids	One of three groups of amniotes based on key differences between their skulls.
329017381	diapsids	Reptiles possessing a skull with two pairs of openings behind each eye socket; includes squamates, birds, crocodiles, and dinosaurs
329017382	lepidosaurs	The reptilian group that includes lizards, snakes, and two species of New Zealand animals called tuataras.
329017383	archosaurs	The reptilian group that includes crocodiles, alligators, dinosaurs, and birds.
329017384	ectotherms	animals that are not able to control their body temperature
329017385	dinosaurs	An extremely diverse group of ancient reptiles varying in body shape, size, and habitat.
329017386	pterosaurs	earliest vertebrates known to have evolved powered flight. Their wings were formed by a membrane of skin, muscle, and other tissues stretching from the legs to a dramatically lengthened fourth finger Late Triassic to Late Cretaceous 220-65Ma
329017387	endothermic	describes a reaction that absorbs energy from the surroundings
329017388	testudines	turtles, tortoises, terrapins; ~315 species; cosmopolitan distribution; good fossil record
329017389	sphenodontia	small group of unusual lizards with a "third eye", tuaturas
329017390	squamata	Order of lizards and snakes
329017391	crocodilia	crocodiles, alligators, and caimans
329017392	theropods	A group of relatively small, bipedal, carnivorous dinosaurs.
329017393	carinates	have keel on sternum, flying birds and penguins
329017394	passeriforms	birds that possess perching feet and generalized beaks
329017395	mammalia	warm-blooded vertebrates characterized by mammary glands in the female
329017396	placenta	the vascular structure in the uterus of most mammals providing oxygen and nutrients for and transferring wastes from the developing fetus
329017397	therapsids	Reptile order that had some small members that evolved into little nocturnal mammals in the Triassic
329017398	monotremes	Mammals that have hair and mammary glands but reproduce by laying eggs.
329017399	marsupials	Mammals whose immature offspring complete their development in an external pouch.
329017400	eutherian mammals	viviparous, endothermic animals whose young develop within the uterus and are fed via the placenta
329017401	afrotheria	clade of mammals sharing an african history, based on general appearences and molecular data, including golden moles, sengis (elephant shrews), tenrecs, aardvarks, hyraxes, elephants and manatees,
329017402	prosimians	Small, nocturnal primates with large eyes adapted to seeing in the dark.
329017403	opposable thumb	thumb that enables grasping objects and using tools
329017404	anthropoids	A member of a primate group made up of the apes (gibbon, orangutan, gorilla, chimpanzee, and bonobo), monkeys, and humans.
329017405	paleoanthroplogy	the study of the fossilized bones and teeth of our earliest ancestors
329017406	hominid	characterizing the family Hominidae, which includes Homo sapiens sapiens as well as extinct species of manlike creatures
329017407	hominoid	anthropoid group that includes apes and humans
329017408	mosaic evolution	a pattern of evolution in which the rate of evolution in one functional system varies from that in other systems.
329017409	prognathic jaw	chimp style jaw with a snout
329017410	multiregional hypothesis	The hypothesis that modern humans originated through a process of simultaneous local transition from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens throughout the inhabited world.
329017411	replacement hypothesis	Another name for the "out of Africa" hypothesis, more recent divergence among human populations, with genetic variation tied to modern H. sapiens in Africa (little or no gene flow among species/subspecies), modern humans evolved in Africa and then spread to the rest of the world.