AP World Chapters 23 Terms Flashcards

343628766	population revolution	huge growth in population in Western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to industrialization	0
343628767	Proto-industrialization	preliminary shift away from an agricultural economy; workers become full or part-time producers who worked at home in a capitalist system in which materials, work, orders, and sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to the Industrial Revolution	1
343628768	American Revolution	rebellion of the British American Atlantic seaboard colonies; ended with the formation of the independent United States	2
343628769	French Revolution	overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy through a revolution beginning in 1789; created a republic and eventually ended with Napoleon's French empire; the source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe	3
343628770	Louis XVI	Bourbon ruler of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution	4
343628771	Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen	adopted during the French Revolution; proclaimed the equality of French citizens; became a source document for later liberal movements	5
343628772	guillotine	introduced as a method of humane execution; utilized during the French Revolution against thousands of individuals, especially during the Reign of Terror	6
343628773	Robespierre	leader of the radical phase of the French Revolution; presided over the Reign of Terror; arrested and executed by moderate revolutionaries	7
343628774	Napoleon Bonaparte	army officer who rose in rank during the wars of the French Revolution; ended the democratic phase of the revolution; became emperor; deposed and exiled in 1815	8
343628775	Congress of Vienna	met in 1815 after the defeat of France to restore the European balance of power	9
343628776	liberalism	political ideology that flourished in 19th-century western Europe; stressed limited state interference in private life, representation of the people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments	10
343628777	radicals	followers of a 19th-century western European political emphasis: advocated broader voting rights than liberals; urged reforms favoring the lower classes	11
343628778	socialism	political ideology in 19th-century Europe; attacked private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of the means of production and an end to the capitalistic exploitation of the working class	12
343628779	nationalism	European 19th-century viewpoint; often allied with other "isms"; urged the importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on ethnic origins	13
343628780	Greek revolution	rebellion of the Greeks against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; a key step in the disintegration of the Turkish Balkan empire	14
343628781	French Revolution of 1830	second revolution against the Bourbon dynasty; a liberal movement which created a bourgeois government under a moderate monarchy	15
343628782	Belgian Revolution of 1830	produced Belgian independence from the Dutch; established a constitutional monarchy	16
343628783	Reform Bill of 1832	British legislation that extended the vote to most male members of the middle class	17
343628784	James Watt	devised a steam engine in the 1770s that could be used for production in many industries; a key step in the Industrial Revolution	18
343628785	factor system	intensification of all of the processes of production at a single site during the Industrial Revolution; involved greater organization of labor and increased discipline	19
343628786	Luddites	workers in Britain who responded to the replacement of their labor by machines during the Industrial Revolution by attempting to destroy machines; named after the fictional worker Ned Ludd.	20
343628787	Chartist Movement	unsuccessful attempt by British artisans and workers to gain the vote during the 1840s	21
343628788	French Revolution of 1848	overthrew the French monarchy established in 1830; briefly established the 2nd French Republic	22
343628789	Revolutions of 1848	the nationalist and liberal movements within the Habsburg Empire (Italy, Germany, Austria, Hungary); after temporary success they were suppressed	23
343628790	Louis Pasteur	discoverer of germs and of the purifying process named after him	24
343628791	Benjamin Disraeli	British politician; granted the vote to working-class males in 1867; an example of conservative politicians keeping stability through reform	25
343628792	Camillo di Cavour	architect of Italian unification in 1858; created a constitutional Italian monarchy under the King of Piedmont	26
343628793	Otto von Bismarck	conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under the Prussian king in 1871; utilized liberal reforms to maintain stability	27
343628794	American Civil War (1861-1865)	fought to prevent secession of the southern states; the first war to incorporate the products and techniques of the Industrial Revolution; resulted in the abolition of slavery and the reunification of the United States	28
343628795	transformismo	political system in Italy that allied conservative and liberals in support of the status quo	29
343628796	"social question"	issues relating to workers and women, in western Europe during the Industrial Revolution; became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870	30
343628797	Karl Marx	German socialist who saw history as a class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached the inevitability of social revolution and the creation of a proletarian dictatorship	31
343628798	revisionism	socialist thought that disagreed with Marx's formulation; believed that social and economic progress could be achieved through existing political institutions	32
343628799	feminist movements	sought legal and economic gains for women, among them equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on the right to vote; won initial support from middle-class women	33
343628800	mass leisure culture	an aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; decreased time at work and offered opportunities for new forms of leisure time, such as vacation trips and team sports	34
343628801	Charles Darwin	biologist who developed the theory of evolution of species; argued that all living forms evolved through the successful ability to adapt in a struggle for survival	35
343628802	Albert Einstein	formulated mathematical theories to explain the behavior of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles; about 1900 issued the theory of relativity	36
343628803	Sigmund Freud	Viennese physician who developed theories of the workings of the human unconscious; argued that behavior is determined by impulses	37
343628804	Romanticism	19th western European artistic and literary movement; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection	38
343628805	American exceptionalism	historical argument that the development of the United States was largely individualistic and that contact with Europe was incidental to American formation	39
343628806	Triple Alliance	alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of the European balance of power system before World War I	40
343628807	Triple Entente	agreement between Britain, Russia, and France in 1907; part of the European balance of power system before World War I	41
343628808	Balkan nationalism	movements to create independent states and reunite ethnic groups in the Balkans; provoked crises within the European alliance system that ended with the outbreak of World War I	42