AP Bio Chpt. 4 Functional Groups

84528268	Phosphate Group	consists of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms. It is usually ionized and attached to the carbon skeleton by one of its oxygen atoms.
84528269	Amino Group	composed of a nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen atoms and the carbon skeleton. It acts as a base by picking up H+ from a solution. (-NH2)
84528271	Hydroxyl Group	consists of a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom, which in turn is bonded to the carbon, called alcohols (-OH)
84528272	Carbonyl Group	carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen (C=O)
84528273	Sulfhydryl	consists of a sulfur atom bonded to an atom of hydrogen. (-SH)
84528274	Carboxyl Group	carbon atom both double bonded to an oxygen and single bonded to the oxygen of a hydroxyl group (-COOH)
84528275	Methyl	consists of a carbon bonded to three hydrogens. (-CH3)
84541598	vitalism	belief in a life force outside the jurisdiction of chemical/ physical laws
84541599	mechanism	belief that all natural phenomena are governed by physical and chemical laws
84541600	Miller	synthesized various organic compounds in 1953
84541601	tetravalence	the sharing of valence electrons in four covalent bonds
84541602	covalent bond	a form of chemical bonding that is characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms
84541603	Structural Isomers	differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms, also may differ in location of double bonds
84541604	Geometric Isomers	have the same covalent partnerships but differ in their spatial arrangements
84541605	Enantiomers	molecules that are mirror images of each other
84541606	aldehyde	when the carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon skeleton
84541607	ketone	when the carbonyl group is in the center of the skeleton